Micro II Exam 6

the simplest and smallest forms of life known

require an electron microscope to see them

some consider them to not be alive because they cannot metabolize their own energy or reproduce themselves without the components of another living cell

they are obligate intracellular parasites

they pass through biological filters that would retain bacteria because of their size

most antibiotics work by interrupting the metabolism of bacteria but this doesn't affect _________

a nucleic acid core

composed of either RNA or DNA

the core is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid

composed of individual structural sub-units called capsomeres

capsid is composed of individual structural sub-units called

some viruses have an _______ around the capsid

comes from the host cell nuclear or protoplasmic membrane as the virus exits after replication

mature infectious viruses are called

diseases of the skin

caused by the variola virus

The simplest and smallest forms of life known.

Cannot be filtered out by filtration.

An envelope is only present in some.

How many types of nucleic acid can be found in a single virus?

Where is the DNA or RNA of a virus found?

What is the protein coat around the nucleic acid core of a virus called?

What are the subunits that make up the capsid of a virus?

What are mature, infectious viruses called?

Viruses having an affinity for the skin are called what?

transmitted via droplet spray or fomites contaminated by droplet spray

the virus is very hardy so can survive on fomites longer

causes the sudden appearance of a skin rash that progresses through a series of stages that ends with the lesions scabbing over and falling off after about 3 or 4 weeks

the disease has been eradicated all around the world by vaccination

Variola virus

The virus is very hardy and can survive on fomites longer than many others.

Has been eradicated around the world.

known as rubeola or "red" measles

an acute, highly contagious disease

one of the most contagious of the childhood rash diseases

transmitted by direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of infected individuals

the rash begins at the head and moves downward

Controlled with the MMR vaccine(3).

koplik spots form on the gums and inside of the cheeks

koplik spots form on the gums and inside of the cheeks

can be controlled with MMR

small white spots

small white spots form on the gums and inside of the cheeks

Rash begins at the head and moves downward.(2)

Name the less severe form of measles.

known as rubella or three day measles

milder form of measles than rubeola

transmitted by direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of infected individuals

causes a pale pink rash & slight fever

rash begins at the head and moves downward

is most dangerous in pregnant women during the first trimester

it can cause miscarriage, still birth, or several serious birth defects

Causes a pale pink rash and slight fever

May cause stillbirths, miscarriages, or birth defects.

also known as Varicella

caused by the varicella-zoster virus

the same virus that causes shingles in adults

transmitted via droplet spray or through the vesicular fluid of the lesions

more readily transmitted than shingles

causes a generalized itchy, vesicular rash

begins as smooth, red spots that develop into blisters that last 3-4 days before forming crusty scabs

there may also be a fever and general illfeeling

the rash tends to appear in 2-4 successive crops rather than all at once

the lesions of chicken pox may appear nearly anywhere

Varicella-Zoster virus(2)

Causes a generalized, itchy, vesicular rash.

Appears in 2 to 4 successive crops of rash

Causes a generalized, itchy, vesicular rash.

Where might the lesions of chickenpox be found? And where are they most prominent?

also known as Herpes Zoster

caused by the Varicella Zoster virus that has reactivated in the body

the same virus that cause chicken pox

can be transmitted via droplet spray or through the vesicular fluid of the lesions

not as easily transmitted as chicken pox

the vesicles occur along skin areas supplied by certain sensory nerves

occurs unilaterally

most prominent on the head, neck, & upper torso

occurs primarily in older adults and immunocompromised individuals

causes localized numbness, tingling, and often severe pain

no treatment available except to treat the symptoms after contracting the disease

there is now a vaccine available for at-risk people

Occurs unilaterally.

Causes localized numbness, tingling and severe pain.

it is a recurrent viral infection

forms vesicles at the affected site

after first infection the individual becomes a carrier

the virus remains latent in the nerve sheaths of sensory neurons

there is no cure for this infection

the recurrences will continue for life

recurrences of herpes often triggered by

transmitted by oral and respiratory secretions

affects the skin and mucous membranes

causes cold sores & fever blisters

transmitted by sexual contact

usually affects the genital area

causes similar lesions as in Type I

A recurrent viral infection.

What triggers a reoccurrence of herpes?

diseases of the respiratory tract

a common upper respiratory viral infection

usually called the flu

transmitted via droplet spray or direct contact with nasal secretions

influenza characterized by

coryza

an acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract

transmitted via droplet spray or direct contact with nasal secretions

common cold characterized by

causes a severe, life-threatening respiratory disease

first recognized in 1993 in the "Four Corners" area of the United States

transmitted to humans by the inhalation of dried feces, urine or saliva of the long-tailed deer mouse

could possibly enter through open wounds, abrasions or by ingestion as well

the disease starts out as a nondescript flu-like illness fever, muscle aches, and coughing

back pain suddenly develops, indicating lung problems

the lungs rapidly deteriorate and fill with fluid

death follows soon due to respiratory failure or shock

usually within 5-7 days

central nervous system diseases

also known as hydrophobia

an acute encephalomyelitis

transmitted to humans through the saliva of an infected animal via a bite

could possibly enter through open wounds, abrasions or mucous membranes

there are two forms of the disease

manifests with bizarre behavior ranging from severe agitation to periods of depression

confusion becomes more extreme as the disease progresses

person becomes very aggressive

hydrophobia develops

hypersalivation occurs

it may be 1 to 1.5 liters per 24 hours

excessive sweating

a coma ensues and death occurs usually within 7 to 10 days following the onset of symptoms

paralysis begins at the point of the bite

spreads to the rest of the body

it finally affects the pharangeal & respiratory muscles causing death

a central nervous system disease affecting the motor neurons of the spinal cord

transmitted via the fecal-oral route or contact with nasal/oral secretions

it begins as a gastrointestinal disturbance

progresses to various levels of disease

one of which may be the well known paralytic polio

this disease has been controlled by the salk & sarin vaccine

it is a goal of the World health Organization to declare the world eradicated of polio in the next few years

an acute inflammation of the brain caused by a virus

transmitted via the bite of mosquitoes or sometimes ticks or flies

the arthropod vector acquires the virus by biting an infected individual

the virus replicates in the vector and spreads to the salivary glands

it's spread to another person when a vector bites them

most cases are asymptomatic

Viral encephalitis cases that exhibit symptoms that include

more serious forms of Viral encephalitis cases that exhibit symptoms that include

diseases affecting the viscera

infectious hepatitis

spread directly from person to person by the fecal oral route

due to poor sanitation methods

not as serious as other forms

serum hepatitis

transmitted through contaminated body fluids

represents an occupational hazard to people who work with blood and blood products

more serious than hepatitis A

may result in chronic hepatitis and permanent liver damage

a defective virus that must have Hep B present to infect

it can lead to a super infection if both are present

leading to an exacerbation of chronic Hepatitis

Non-A Non-B hepatitis

transmitted through contaminated body fluids

more serious than Hep A or B because there is not yet a vaccine available

has been known to mimic Hep C

glandular diseases

gets its name from the infection of the parotid glands

salivary glands located anterior & inferior to the ear

may affect other salivary glands as well

occurs most commonly in children 2-12 years of age

causes swelling and tenderness of the glands and fever

spread via droplet spray or direct contact with infected saliva

if infection occurs in post-pubescent males, it may cause an inflammation of the testes

controlled with the MMR vaccine

caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

Infectious mononucleosis is an acute disease characterized by:

occurs mainly in young adults aged 15-30

transmitted via direct contact with infected saliva

the kissing disease

person may remain infectious for as long as a year after recovery

there is no treatment other than rest

causes cytomegalic inclusion disease

a disease of the glands such as the salivary glands or the liver

asymptomatic in most cases

causes an infectious mononucleosis-like disease in others

establishes a latent infection like herpes that can be reactivated

the cells infected with the virus swell in size

    and inclusion bodies develop in the cytoplasm and nucleus

Cytomegalovirus transmitted via direct contact with

Cytomegalovirus also transmitted via

more serious in immunocompromised individuals

caused by the HIV virus

a group of clinical conditions in which there is a dramatic change in the host's susceptibility to opportunistic disease by a reduction in immune defense

it affects the T₄ helper cells of the immune system

causes the inability of the host to mount the full spectrum of immune responses needed to ward off opportunistic infections and cancer cells

the opportunistic infections most often associated with HIV infection are

caused by pneumocystis carinii

a fungal form of pneumonia

caused by a protein particle called a prion

proteins that have folded into a unique three-dimensional form

they cause other proteins in their presence to conform also

cause a group of diseases called "slow" virus diseases

the diseases exhibit some characteristics common to viral diseases

    but no evidence of a virus has been found

the diseases manifest as uncommon degenerative diseases of the central nervous system

uncommon degenerative diseases of the central nervous system

the most well-known prion diseases

the most evident symptom in humans is dimentia

Causes cold sores and fever blisters.

An acute, viral infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by nasal congestion, mild sore throat, fever and runny nose.

A common viral infection affecting the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by high fever, chills, sore throat, runny nose, cough and muscle pain.

lnhalation of the feces, urine, or saliva of the long-tailed deer mouse.

Starts as a nondescript flu-like illness but develops into a severe, life- threatening respiratory disease.

Causes an acute encephalomyelitis.

Hypersalivation

A central nervous system disease affecting the motor neurons of the spinal cord.

Furious and paralytic are the two forms.

Aggressiveness, confusion, and sweating are symptoms.

Paralysis of the pharyngeal and respiratory muscles.

Has been controlled by the Salk and Sabin vaccines.

Spread via the salivary glands of an insect vector.

Must have hepatitis B present to infect.

Mimics hepatitis C.

Parotid glands

Affects the testes in post-pubescent males.

Swelling and tenderness of the salivary glands.

Epstein-Barr virus

Occurs mainly in young adults age 15 to 30.

May remain infectious for up to a year after recovery.

Causes an infectious mononucleosis-like disease that establishes a recurrent infection like that of herpes.

Causes the development of inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cell.

Causes increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

What cells does the HIV virus affect?

List the common opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

Caused by a protein particle called a prion.

Uncommon degenerative diseases of the central nervous system are caused by what?

The most evident symptom is dementia.

Viruses having an affinity for the respiratory tract are called what?

Viruses having an affinity for the nervous system are called what?

Viruses having an affinity for the organs of the body are called what?

Viruses having an affinity for the immune system are called what?

Viruses having an affinity for the glands are called what?

What diseases are dermotropic?

What diseases are pneumotropic?

What diseases are neurotropic?

What diseases are viscerotropic?

What diseases are adenotropic?

What diseases are immunotropic?