Anthro Final Pt 3

• -Regulates sexual access
• -Creates a family
• -Expands social group

• -sexually cohabiting certain gender couples
• -Parents and children
• -Families of the bride and groom

• -Limits sexual competition
• -Provides stability for children
• -Allows for stable economic exchange

• -Prohibit sexual relations between relatives
• -Universal to most cultures

–Brother-sister marriages among royalty in ancient Egypt, traditional Hawaiian society

• -Avoids inbreeding
• -Prevents disruption in the nuclear family
• -Directs sexual desires outside the family
• -Forces people to marry outside family and create larger social community

• -The male can provide food and protection
• -The female can nurse and nurture the children

• -Links different families & kin groups
• -Cooperation beyond husband-wife pair
• -Allows people to share resources
• -Benefits survival of the species

• -Rules specifying that person must marry outside a particular group
• -Almost universal

-Rules that marriage must be within a particular group

-Rules about preferred categories of relatives for marriage partners

• 1. Cross cousins (children of parent’s siblings of opposite sex)
• 2.Parallel cousins (children of parent’s same-sex siblings)

Levirate and Sororate

A preferential marriage rule of man marrying a widow of a deceased brother

A preferential marriage rule when a man's wife dies and her sister is given to him as a wife

A rule allowing more than one spouse

A rule permitting a man to have more than one wife at a time

A rule permitting a woman to have more than one husband at a time

• 1. Nuclear families organized around relationship between husband and wife
• 2. extended family is based on blood relations extending over 3 or more generations

• -A domestic group, or household, is not the same as a family
• -Households may also include people who aren’t related

-Include previously divorced spouses & their new partners, children from previous marriages, and multiple sets of grandparents and other similar relations

-Aggregates of nuclear families linked by a common spouse

A system under which a bride lives with her husband’s family after marriage

• -Blood relations extending over 3 or more generations
• -Provides sense of participation & dignity for older family members

• -period of time in Old World between Stone Age and Iron Age
• -Name is reference to material from which tools and weapons were made

-where there is a centralization of political and economic power over several communities by one leader with little to no social stratification

-states that developed without any outside influence or contact from other state societies

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Nubia, Indus Valley, China, Mesoamerica and Peru

Agriculture, Centralized Government, Labor Diversification, social stratification

-social system or culture, which is marked by presence of cities, social stratification and state-level organization

urban, agriculture, specialization, complex economy, stratification, and state authority

• •Monumental Architecture
• •Writing or a form of Record-Keeping
• •Mortuary Practices
• •Coerced Tribute/Taxation
• •Mass Production of Goods
• •State Religion
• •State Art

• -—Major ethnic group in early Mesopotamia with its own language & cultural identity
• -—Dominant cultural group in the region
• -—Had their own form of writing

• -—City-state; controlled Sumerian empire during 3rd Dynasty of Ur
• -—King Ur-Nammu distributed his code of law; evidence of political power

• -—Agriculture: irrigation
• -—Government: Code of Ur- Nammu and government controlled labor
• -—Labor diversification: craft specialization from items and goods
• -—Social stratification: Graves

• •Dense population
• •writing system, Cuneiform
• •Monumental architecture in Ziggurat
• •Form of state art
• •Ziggurat, example of religious ideology
• •Mortuary practices

-Norte Chico refers to entire civilization, Caral is main urban center

• •food subsistence from marine resources & some cultivated plants & collected wild plants
• •Appearance of Andean Staff God

• -—Agriculture: cultivated crops, irrigation systems
• -—Government: Monumental structures
• -—Labor Diversification: Decorated flutes and netted bags
• -—Social Stratification: Residential housing

• •Monumental Architecture (amphitheater)
• •State Art (decorated bird bone flutes)
• •Record-Keeping (Quipu)
• •Coerced Tribute (System of mit'a)
• •State Religion (Imagery of Staff God)

-Andean civilizations originated bc people were able to live off of rich marine resources year round, leading to sedentary lifestyles and settlements

weak government, inner turmoil, environmental changes and warfare

environmental changes but there is a high likelihood of other factors contributing

• —-One of first forms of writing (Cuneiform)
• -—Technology or advanced forms of metalwork
• -—Codes of law

• —-Record-keeping system of Quipu
• -—Coerced tribute system
• -—Religious ideology

type of social organization that organizes individuals into urban center

• -Large permanent settlements
• -Multifunctional government
• -Dense population
• -political, religious, & administrative centers
• -Agriculture and surplus

• -Architecture
• -Settlement patterns
• -Mortuary Practices
• -Writing

• -Irrigation and Agriculture
• -Trade and technology
• -Population and Circumscription

• -early civilizations appeared in regions where large-­scale irrigation agriculture was practiced
• -"hydraulic societies": result of construction of elaborate irrigation systems

• -Circumscription: resource concentration by either natural features or social features
• -early states arise in regions where key resources are restricted in their distribution

-States emerged at strategic locations in regional trade networks

Cultivation of domesticated animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, and other products

Prehistoric period beginning about 10,000 years ago in which peoples possessed stone-­based technologies and depended on domesticated crops and/or animals

Year round habitation in permanent settlements (size of community not a variable in definition)

• -neolithic = "new stone age"
• -transition from hunting and gathering communities, to agricultural subsistence and settlement
• -name from polished stone tools

humans modify the genetic makeup of plants or animals

• -Distinct animal and plant morphology
• -Animals outside natural range
• -Changes in demographic profiles
• -Surplus storage
• -New ground stone tools for harvesting

sickle, forks,hoes, and plows to replace digging sticks

• -"Cradle of Civilization"
• -earliest plant domestication took place gradually in Fertile Crescent, just east of Mediterranean Sea

-Mesolithic culture living in what are now Israel, Lebanon, and western Syria

• -sedentary
• -Hunter & gatherer subsistence strategies
• -intense exploitation of wild plants & cereals
• -animal domestication (dog)

• -Intensive agriculture
• -large, sedentary communities
• -No pottery production

• -transition from H&G to intensive agriculture
• -10kya-­9 kya: cereal & plant gathering
• -9kya -­8kya: sheep & goat husbandry; still hunting, cereal agriculture
• -8kya-­7kya: larger settlements; almost exclusively agriculture; introduced cattle & pigs

• -West Bank in Jordan River Valley
• -one of oldest cities in the world
• -rectangular houses with burials of plastered human skulls

• A cultural anthropology of the human past
• -study of past human behavior
• -Focus on material remains of human past

All material objects constructed by humans or early hominids that are revealed by archaeology

objects that have been shaped or altered by human activity

• non-portable remnants of past human activity
• (ex. House walls, ditches, fire pits. etc.)

study of way present-day societies use artifacts and structures, and how these objects become part of archaeological record

• -Also called “reconstruction archaeology”
• -employs number of different methods in order to test hypotheses, based upon archaeological source material

the search for archaeological sites in a region

mapped and surface data is collected so archaeologists can make informed decisions about where to dig

• (survey technique) use of aerial photos and satellite images to locate sites
• -Examples: Images from NASA satellite used to locate buried footpaths

excavate, or dig, through layers in a site

digging through layers of deposits that make up archaeological or fossil site

represent and subdivide the site

Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms and States

• -among foragers
• -Small, division of labor by age & sex
• -roughly equal access to all resources

• -larger than band, members farm or herd
• -Relatively egalitarian
• -May have a leader representing group or organizes group activities

special-purpose groups that may be organized within tribe for specific purposes or tasks, may organize people by age, sex, ritual roles, etc

• -chief & close relatives enjoy privileged access to resources & preside over system of exchange
• -larger than tribe

• -territory defended from outside enemies with army
• -centralized government
• -marked differences in wealth and access to resources

there are differing perspectives