Pharmacology Exam 1a

Movement of drug particles from the gastrointestinal tract to body fluids; requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient.

Reactions to drugs that are more severe than side effects

Drugs that produce a response

Drugs that block a response

The percentage of an administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation

A diagnostic test that determines renal function

The breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles

The dissolving of the smaller particles of a tablet in the gastrointestinal fluid before absorption

The process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues

The length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect

Exretion of a drug, mainly through the kidneys (urine). Other routes of elimination include hepatic metabolism, bile, feces, lungs, saliva, sweat, and breast milk.

Fillers and inert substances found in tablets

The process in which a drug passes to the liver first

Drugs not bound by protein

The time it takes for one half of a drug concentration to be eliminated

Drugs with a wide margin of safety and less danger of producing toxic effects

The site on the receptor in which drugs bind

A large intentional dose of drug given when an immediate drug response is desired to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration on plasma

Drugs with narrow margin of safety for which the drug effect should be closely monitored

Occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and liver; however, the liver is the primary site

Drugs that affect various receptors

Drugs that affect various sites

The time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after a drug is administered.

Movement of drug particles from the gastrointestinal tract to body fluids that occurs mostly by diffusion (movement from higher concentration to lower concentration)

When drug reaches its highest blood plasma concentration

The highest concentration of a drug at a specific time

The first phase of drug action

The study of drug concentration and its effects on the body

The effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence

The process of drug movement to achieve drug action

The process by which cells carry drugs across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles

A psychological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of a drug effect

The time it takes a drug to disintegrate and dissolve, becoming available for the body to absorb it

Four families, including (1) kinase-linked receptors, (2) ligand-gated ion channels, (3) G protein-coupled receptor systems, (4) nuclear receptors

Physiologic effects of drugs not related to desired effects of drugs

A rapid decrease in a response to a drug

Estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective (therapeutic or concentration) dose (ED) in 50% of persons or animals (ED50) and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of animals (LD50)

The range of drug concentration in plasma, which should be between the minimum effective concentration in the plasma for obtaining a desired drug action and the minimum toxic concentration, or the toxic effect.

Evaluates three parameters of drug action; (1) the onset of drug action, (2) peak aciton and (3) duration of action

A decreased responsiveness over the course of drug therapy

The first adverse symptoms that occur at a particular dose. Toxic effects can be identified by monitoring the plasma (serum) therapeutic range of the drug

The first adverse symptoms that occur at a particular dose. Toxicity can be identified by monitoring the plasma therapeutic range of the drug

The lowest plasma concentration of a drug, which measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated

The first phase of the nursing process

An awareness of culture implications for a client and/or the client's family

The phase of the nursing process that addresses the effectiveness of health teaching about drug therapy and the attainment of goals

Expected outcomes for a client, determined during the planning phase of the nursing process

The phase of the nursing process that includes the nursing actions and interventions necessary to accomplish the established goals or expected outcomes

A diagnosis made by a registered nurse based on analysis of the assessment data

The phase of the nursing process characterized by goal setting or expected outcomes; it also includes development of nursing interventions that will be used to assist the client in meeting outcomes

Medication placed between the gum and the cheek

When a drug is metabolized or excreted more slowly than the rate at which its being administered

Ensuring an individual has the knowledge necessary to make a medical decision, which is critical to preventing medication errors

Medication given via aerosol sprays

Medication given in the nose, eyes or ears

A type of injection used for observation of an inflammatory (allergic) reaction to foreign particles

A type of injection used for irritating drugs, aqueous suspensions, and solutions in oils

An injection in an accessible peripheral vein

The line for determining the desired dose of a liquid drug

Hand-held devices that deliver medications to oropharyngeal and lower respiratory tracts

Medication administered ID, SQ, IM, IV

Collecting appropriate data before administration of a drug

Using two forms of identificatin prior to the administration of medication

Immediately record appropriate information regarding drug. (1) name of drug, (2) dose, (3) route or injection site, (4) time and date, (5) nurse's signature or intitials

The dose prescribed for that particular client

Determining the client receives the correct drug that was prescribed

Requires the effectiveness of a medication be determined by the client's response to the medication

Administering the correct form of drug to ensure appropriate absorption

The time at which a prescribed dose should be administered

Requires that a client receive accurate and thorough information about a medication and how it relates to his or her particular situation

A client's choice to decide against taking a medication

Devices used to enhance the delivery of meds for MDIs

Process by which drugs are dispensed to all clients from the same containers

An injection used for small drugs of non irritating, water-soluble drugs

Med placed under the tongue for venous absorption

Med admin rectally or vaginally

A decreased responsiveness over the course of drug therapy

Med applied to the skin

Med stored in a patch placed on the skin and absorbed through the skin, thereby having a systemic effect

Process by which drugs are individually wrapped and labeled for single doses

An injection that prevents medication from leaking back into the SQ tissue. It is frequently advised for meds that cause visible permanent skin discolorations

Includes concepts r/t biologic variations, heredity, genetics, endemics, and drug metabolism

A combo of ethnic and cultural variables

A new domain that integrates pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics with genetic and ethnic variations

The physical proximity between people conversing varies between and among cultural groups

The perspective of time that determines whether a client stresses a past, present or future orientation

The actual age

The develomental and cognitive differences from a child's chronological age, to be considered when administering meds

A client's failure to follow a drug regimen. Esp problematic with older adults

A client's failure to follow a drug regimen

Administration of many drugs together

Vitamins that are metabolized slowly and can be stored in the fatty tissue, liver, and muscle in large amounts. They are excreted in the urine at a slow rate.

A,D,E,K

A mineral vital for hemoglobin regeneration

Admin massive doses of vitamins.

A compound needed for the body to function, such as iron, copper, zinc, chromium and selenium

Daily dose requirements of each vitamin published by the National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board

The B-complex vitamins and vitamin C

The negative charge of electrolytes

The positive charge of electrolytes

Substances in the body that carry either a positive or negative charge

A calcium level greater than 5.5 mEq/L

An elevated chloride serum level

A serum potassium level greater than 5.3 mEq/L

A magnesium excess

A serum sodium level greater than 145mEq/L

Body fluid that has more particles than water

A decreased level of phosphorous.

A calcium deficit of of less than 4.5 mEq/L

A decreased chloride level

A serum potassium level less than 3.5 mEq/L

A magesium deficit

Body fluid that has fewer particles than water

Body fluid that has the same proportion of weight of particles and water

The concentration of body fluids

The effect of fluid on cellular volume

Method used to deliver enteral feedings whereby 250 to 400 ml of solution is rapidly administered through a syringe or funnel into a tube four to six times daily

Enteral feedings rx for the critically ill or those who receive feedings into the small intestine given by an infusion pump at a slow rate over 24 hours

A type of continuous feeding that is infused over 8 to 16 hours daily

Feedings involving the gastrointestinal tract that can be given orally or by feeding tubes.

Adminsitering high-caloric nutrients through the subclavian vein

Feedings admin Q 3-6h over 30-60 min by gravity drip or pump infusion

An inexpensive method for admin enteral nutrition

The most common route for short-term enteral feedings; given through oral or nasal cavities

Admin high-caloric nutrients through large veins

Admin high-caloric nutrition through subclavian vein

A technique to prevent air embolism in which a client must take a breath, hold it, bear down while the nurse is chaning infusion bags or bottles and tubing for TPN

Inflammatin of the throat "sore throat"

Acute inflammation of the mucous membranse of the nose

Often called hay fever; this is caused by pollen or a foreing substance

H1 blockers or H1 antagonists that compete with histamine receptor sites, thus preventing a histamine response

Drugs that can act on the cough-control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex

The most prevalent type of URI

Sympathomimetic amines

Drugs that loosen bronchial secretions so that they can be eliminated by coughing

Rebound vasal dilation instead of vasoconstriction

Watery nasal d/c

An inflammation of the mucous membranes of one or more of the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, or sphenoid sinuses

An inflammatory disorder of the airway walls with varying amounts of the airway obstruction

A COPD disease charac by periods of bronchospasm resulting in wheezing and difficulty breathing

Abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles secondary to frequent infections and inflammation

Drugs that include sympathomimetics (primarily beta2-adrenergic agonists), methylxanthines, leukotriene agonists, glucocorticoids, cromlyn, anticholinergics, and mucolytics

Also bronchoconstriction; results when the lung tissue is exposed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors that stimulate a bronchoconstrictive response

A progessive lung disease caused by smoking or chronic lung infections

Disease caused by airway obstruction, with increased airway resistance of airflow to lung tissues

A progressive lung disease caused by cigarette smoking, atmospheric contaminants, or lack of alpha1-antitrypsin protein that inhabits proteolytic enzymes that destroy alveoli (air sacs)

Members of the corticosteroid family that are used to treat resp disorders, particularly asthma

Drugs that act like detergents by liquefying and loosening thich mucous secretions so that they can be expectorated

A decrease in lung capacity as a result of fluid accumulation or loss of elasticity of the lung

Drugs that act by coating the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and absorbing the bacteria or toxins that cause diarhhea

Drugs used to tx dirrhea and decreasing hypermotility (increased peristalsis)

Antivomiting agents

Marijuana to alleviate n/v resulting from CA tx or AIDS

Drugs used to eliminate fecal matter

A cerebral center that lies near the medulla and causes vomiting when stimulated

Drugs that activate chloride channels in the lining of the small intestine, leading to an increase in intestinal fluid secretion and motility

Stool softeners and lubricants used to prevent constipation

Hyperosmolar laxatives, including salts or saline products, lactulose and glycerin

Harsh cathartics that cause a watery stool with abdominal cramping

Caused by a hypersecretion of acid from the stomach that passes to the duodenum because of (1) insufficient buffers to neutralize the gastric acid in the stomach (2) a defective or incomepetent pyloric sphincer (3) hypermotility of the stomach

Results from reflux of acidic secretion into the esophagus as a result of a defective or incompetent cardiac sphincter

A thick, viscous, mucous material that provides a barrier between the mucosal lining and the acidic gastic secretions

Frequently occurs because of a breakdown of the gastric mucosal barrier

Inflammation or erosion of the esophageal mucosa caused by a reflux of gastric acid content from the stomach into the esophagus

Popular drugs used in the tx of gastric and duodenal ulcers, they prevent acid reflux in the esophagus (reflux esophagitis)

Acid released from the parietal cells of the stomach; influenced by histamine, gastin and acetylcholine

A digestive enzyme

A broad term for an ulcer occuring in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum within the upper gi tract

Drugs that interfere with production of carbonic acid, which leads to decreased aqueous humor formation and decreased intraocular pressure

Agents that paralyze the muscles of accomodation

Contraciton of the pupil

Agents used to lower the IOP, thereby increasing blood flow to the retina and decreasing retinal damage and loss of vision

Agents that dilate the pupil

Agents used preoperatively and postoperatively to decrease vitreous humor volume, thereby reducing the IOP

Removal of the horny layer of the epidermis