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Social
Cognition
nHow people think- about themselves and the social world
 how we select,- interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions
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Rational Thinking
nHaving or- exercising reason, sound judgment, or good sense
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The Naïve
Scientist
nWhen a person- attempts to explain someone else’s behavior one looks for three pieces of
- information
: Consistency- – does he or she always behave in this manner in this situation
Consensus- – Do others behave in this same way in the same situation
Distinctiveness- – is he or she the only one to act in this manner?
*A- systematic weighting of these things would be very valuable and important. - but do we think like this?
nExample
She was really - rude to me on the phone
nIs - she a snob? Was she busy? Was it late etc…
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Consistency: is she always rude?
Consensus: are others rude on the phone?
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•Rational thought requires at least:
1.Access to- accurate, useful information
●2.The- mental resources needed to process life’s data
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•cognitive
misers
–We are forever trying to conserve our cognitive energy – - Given ourlimited
- capacity
to process information, we attempt to adopt strategies- that simplify complex problems
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pros and cons of being a cognitive meiser
–Good: efficiently make use of our limited cognitive- capacity in a nearly infinite world of information
––Bad: can lead to serious errors and biases•Prone to confuse our own interpretation of things as- fact and absolute truth
•Those with other perspectives are stupid, crazy or- misguided
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stroop affect
–Takes you longer when pairs are incongruent––You automatically want to say the ink color ––Takes conscious effort to override automatic response -
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Contrast effect:
- An object can appear to be better or worse
- than it
- actually is, depending on what we
compare with it
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•Priming
–A procedure based on the notion that ideas that have- been recently encountered or frequently activated are more likely to come to
- mind and thus will be used to interpret social events
–Back to the definition of social cognition: How we- interpret social events usually depends on what we are currently thinking
- about, as well as the beliefs and
categories we typically use to- make sense of things
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risk aversion
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•Framing
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primary affect
PEOPLE will usually attribute what they know first rather than what they find out later to a person
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Interpretive
set explanation
- –
- first words
creat impression which is- used to interpret
subseuqent informaiotn
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Delusion effect
- the tendency for neutral and irrelevant information to
- weaken a judgment or impression
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heuristics
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•Representative heuristic
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•Availability heuristic
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•Attitude Heuristics
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–Halo
effect
- General bias in which a favorable or unfavorable general
- impression of a person affects inferences and future expectations of that
- person
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–False-consensus
effect
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•Simulation heuristic
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•Confirmation bias
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•Hindsight bias
I knew it all along
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Fundamental attribution error
when some acts a certain way we attribute it to them being a particular type of person, rather than take in the situation
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•Actor-observer bias
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•Self-biases
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•Egocentric thought
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•Self-serving bias
•Self-serving bias–Tendency for individuals to make dispositional- attributions for successes and situational attributions for failures
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cost cognitive conservation
•Costs–Distort- events or misinterpret information
–Misapplication- of heuristic
à poor- decisions
–Failure- to realign the world with our mental conceptions has consequences
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Two kinds of information go into memory
»1.) Information from perception of actual event»2.) External information supplied after the fact
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Memory
•is a reconstructive process–We recreate memories from bits and pieces of actual- events filtered through and modified by our notions of what might have been,
- what should have been, and we would like it to have been.
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False
memory syndrome
- the creation of a false memory due to the implantation
- or incorporation of fake or inaccurate information into memory
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