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what are the three approaches to evaluating results
naive- you believe everything you are told
Cynical - what we should be trying to be
critical- you dont believe anything
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Bystander Apathy
When an emergency - happens there may be a tendency to intervene but also a tendency to not
- intervene
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Diffusion of
Responsibility
If a person is alone, - the responsibility and the blame focuses on him/herself
If there are more - people involved responsibility and blame is shared.
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1.Observe and form a - question
2.Develop a theory or - idea
3.Frame as a testable - hypothesis
4.Design Study and Test - hypothesis
5.Interpret the meaning - of the results
-
:
The higher the number of people in an emergency situation, the less likely it
is that any one individual will help
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Conceptual variables
Operational variables
Conceptual - variables: abstract, general
Operational - definition: specific, measurable
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- Method
- in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions
- and ensures these conditions are identical except for the independent variable
- (the one thought to have a causal effect on people’s responses
Independent - variables (IV): The factors experimenters manipulate to see if they
- affect the DV.
Dependent - variables (DV): The factors experimenters measure to see if they are
- affected by the IV.
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Random
Assignment to experimental Conditions
All participants have - an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment.
Differences in the - participants’ abilities,
- personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions.
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Control
of Extraneous Variables
making sure only the indep variable affects the dep variable
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how to control extranious variables
Counterbalance conditions
Random Assignment - Experimenter Expectancy Effects
- Blind or Double-Blind Studies: either the experimenter or both the experimenter and the participant are unaware of the conditions or the hypothesis of the study
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The - technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records
- measurements or impressions of their behavior.
ex.
children in a room with toys how they behave
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problems with observational method
Time consuming Social psychologists - want to do more than just describe behavior.
They want to predict - and explain it.
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The technique whereby - two or more variables are systematically measured and the relationship between
- them (i.e., how much one can be predicted from the other) is assessed.
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Archival studies
- studying records of past events and histories, examples: newspaper articles, medical records, diaries,
- sports statistics, personal ads, crime statistics or hits on web page.
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components of informed consent
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Misleading - participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually
- transpire.
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Do
the results generalize
Would the results apply to a real-life situation? Do the results apply only to college - students?
What was the sample/setting? Was random sampling used?
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Control
Try to eliminate - extraneous variables- variables that the experimenters are not interested in
- but that may influence the dependent variable
Experimental - setting/procedures
Standardize - procedures and counterbalance conditions
Participant variables Reason for random - assignment to different experimental conditions
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Random Selection/Samplin
A way of ensuring - that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in
- the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
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