Final for clin tech

• -butterfly catheter (E-Z set infusion set)
• -over the needle (OTN)
• -through the needle (TTN)

first thing in the morning

because there is a lot of information to be found 

• diabetic
• kidney
• crystols
• specific gravity
• blood glucose
• protien
• ph
• key tone

• you can sent the owner home and tell them to bring back a sample of urine
• it tells you about the distal end

• not good for cultures
• end up with a lot of garbage
• not sterile

• see the start to finish
• tells you about lesions (any damage on organs and tissues)

clean the area take them outside and get sample

• getting sample in the middle
• let them pee a little then get sample

you don't need any special equipment

• no good for bacterial cultures
• if not careful can do damage to the bladder

clean sample for bacteralogic cultures

• need red rubber feeding tube or folley type catheter
• need equipment

• red rubber tube
• stiff polypropalin
• folley

doesn't roll around

• papila
• donut on the floor

• damage to the uretha
• post surgical
• animals can't urinate
• hit by a car or nerological problems

• suture
• tape
• inflate the cuff
• need a fluid bag as a urine collecting device

• clean sample
• dont need sedation

may need to do it blindly

• palpate
• need 20-22 needle trhat is 1 1/2 inches long

• analyze the sample as soon as possible
• if can't refrigerate it

30 mins

6-12 hours

warm to room temp before testing it because if its cold it get cystals

• start to see artifical stuff
• cells get weird
• ph can become more alkaline (ph increases)

not concentrating urine means not getting rid of toxin and it can be deadly

• animal is not drinking
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• losing fluids
• acute renal disease
• shock

• kidney function
• disease process

• polydipsia
• piametra
• diabetis
• liver disease
• renal disease

100-200 G

because suspended  materials in the urine will cause the line in refractometer to be indistinct rather than sharp

• pipette 0.5 ml of urine into tube
• pipette 0.5 ml of distilled or deionized water into tube

divide by 2 after the decimal

.036 x 2 = .072

the true urine specific gravity is 1.072

drop urine in each pad and it tells you what is going on

simple and fast

• subjective
• best to use as guideline
• if you find something wrong dig deeper try to get more information

ph above 7

ph below 7

indication of hydrogen ions

• diet
• fever
• surgery
• starving
• high protien diet
• excess muscle activity

urinary tract infection

• no if you do we worry
• should be absent in cystocentsis or catherization

free catch

• semiquantitative measurementof protein in urine by progessive color change on the reaction pad
• reagent test strip

• alkaline urine
• albumin sensitive
• moltaline myploma
• get something weird dig deeper

• should be confirmed dig deeper
• quantitated by more advanced and accurate procedures like
•      sulfosalicylic acid turbidmetry
•      specific biochemical analysis

leavel of protein in the urine

• if small amount ok
• depends on age and diet
• worry if there is a large amount

• seizures
• extreme stress
• extreme excersion
• first days of life
• goes into heat

• acute renal disease (nephritis) increase protein
• chronic renal disease (nepritis)decrease protein
• multiple myeloma-cancer of plasma cells
• conjuctiva
• heart failure beacause heart not keeping up

presence of glucose in the urine

• diabetes mellitus
• high carb meals
• fear excitement restraint (false positive)
• hyperthyroidism, cushings disease chronic liver disease and renal tubular disease

• medicine
• drugs vitamin c
• morphine
• asprin
• penicilline

• fat breakdown
• can be very toxic and dangerous at high levels

excess ketone production

• excessive ketone in blood spills into urine
• bad
• can put animal into coma or death

• pregnancy toximia
• diabetes mellitus
• happen a lot in sheeps and goats can happen to cows cause they can't keep up with the milk for youngs

• starvation
• fasting
• high fat diets
• long term anirexia

• bilirubin-unconjugate or conjugated
• urobilinogen
• normal in small amounts in male dogs and cattle
• not normal for cats horses pigs or sheeps

• anything wrong with the liver, bile duct
• IMHA

• said to be normal to find
• bacteria turns bilirubin into urobilinogen in the intestines

• intact RBC in the urine
• cloudy red color
• if it sits out will be wine brown color

sample sitting out can be a false positive

• myoglobin in urine
• muscle protein turns urine from brown to black
• getting hit by a car or doing a lot of running

• nonspecific- positive for hemoglobinuria, hematuria, and myoglobinuria
• need to dig deeper to determine cause for the positive test for blood