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What specimen is best for detecting trophozoites?
Liquid stools
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What specimen is best for detecting ova cysts?
Formed stools
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Name some stool preservatives used
- Formalin (5 or 10%)
- PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)
- SAF (socium acetate formalin)
- Zinc sulfate
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What blood concentration method uses low-speed centrifugation to concentrate blood samples suspected of containing minimal numbers of parasites?
Knott method
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What blood concentration method is used for Leishmania and Trypanosoma detection?
Buffy coat
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What type of microscopic detection are quick and easy to perform and will allow trophozoite motility and helminth ova and larvae to be seen?
Saline wet mounts
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What type of microscopic detection technique is useful for the detection of larvae, ova, and protozoan cysts in stool samples?
Iodine wet mounts
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Name some of the permanent stained smears used for microscopic detection of stool, tissue, and blood parasites
- Iron hematoxylin stain
- Trichrome stain
- Modified acid-fast stain
- Modified trichrome stain - includes Weber green stain and Ryan blue stain
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What permanent stain is used to detect Cryptosporidium and Isospora?
Modified acid-fast stain
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What permanent stain is used for microsporidia and what color will they be?
- Modified trichrome stains - includes Weber green stain and Ryan blue stain
- Weber green stain - microsporidia will stain pink
- Ryan blue stain - microsporidia will also stain pink but the background is blue
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What collection method is used to collect Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm eggs) from the perirectal area?
Cellophane (Scotch) tape
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What is the term for a tapeworm?
Cestode
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What is the term for a symbiotic relationship beneficial to one member and harmless to another?
Commensalism
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What is the term for a thick-walled stage of protozoa resistant to adverse conditions?
Cyst
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What is the term for a host supporting the adult or sexual phase of a parasitic life cycle?
Definitive host
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What is the term for a parasite found on the surface of a host?
Ectoparasite
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What is the term for a parasite found inside a host
Endoparasite
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What is the term for blood or tissue roundworms?
Filariae
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What is the term for containing ova?
Gravid
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What is the term for worms that include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes)?
Helminths
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What is the term for an organism capable of self-fertilization?
Hermaphroditic
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What is the term for the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus?
Hydatid cyst
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What is the term for a host containing the asexual phase of a parasite?
Intermediate host
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What is the term for the junenile stage of a parasite?
Larva
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What is the term for the symbiotic relationship beneficial to both species?
Mutualism
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What is the term for roundworm?
Nematode
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What is the term for an encysted form of an egg?
Oocyst
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What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits at the expense of another member (the host)?
Parasitism
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What is the term for an association between 2 or more organisms of a different species?
Symbiosis
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What is the term for fluke or flat worm?
Trematode
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What is the term for the developmental stage of protozoa?
Trophozoite
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What is the term for an animal infection or disease that humans accidently acquire?
Zoonosis
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What stage of Protozoa is the infective stage?
Cyst
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What is the term for the development of a cyst into a trophozoite?
Excystation
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What is the term for the development of a trophozoite into a cyst?
Encystation
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What is the term for the rod-shaped, RNA containing structure found in the cytoplasm?
Chromatoid bar
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What Protozoa:
Contains 1-4 nuclei
Trophozoite:
- CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSION: INTACT RBC'S THAT HAVE BEEN PHAGOCYTIZED
- KARYOSOME: SMALL AND CENTRAL
Cyst: NUCLEI: 2-4
Entamoeba histolytica
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What protozoa:
Trophozoite:
- KARYSOME: LARGE AND ECCENTRIC (OFF TO THE SIDE)
- PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN: COARSE AND IRREGULAR, GRANULAR (MAY NOT BE ALL THE WAY AROUND)
- SIZE: 10-50µ
Cyst:
- NUCLEI: 4-8 (ONLY PROTOZOA WITH MORE THAN 8)
Entamoeba coli
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What protozoa:
Trophozoite:
- CYTOPLASM: LARGE, CENTRAL, FLUID-FILLED VACUOLE SURROUNDED BY A LAYER OF CYTOPLASM CONTAINING THE NUCLEI
- NUCLEI: ONE TO SEVERAL
Blastocystis hominis
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What protozoa:
Causes giardiasis (a form of traveler's diarrhea)
Cysts:
- contain 4 nuclei
- PROMINENT AXOSTYLE (FIBER THICKENING THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE CYST)
- OVAL SHAPE
Trophozoite:
- Pear shaped,
- contain 2 oval shaped nuclei,
- has 4 flagella
- 2 VENTRAL SUCKING DISCS
- MOTILITY: FALLING LEAF MOTION
Giardia lamblia
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What protozoa:
Cyst:
- karyosome is large
- centrally located and cytostome is well defined
- LEMON SHAPED
- ANTERIOR HYALINE PROTRUSION
- SINGLE NUCLEUS
- SHEPERD'S CROOK
Chilomastix mesnili
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What protozoa:
Has cytoplasm that is vacuolated with bacterial inclusions
MOTILITY: BROAD PSEUDOPODIA
Trophozoite:
- 2 NUCLEI
- KARYOSOME IS CLUSTER OF 4-8 GRANULES
Dientamoeba fragilis
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What protozoa:
Trophozoite:
-MOTILITY: CILIATED SURFACE (ONLY CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT CIILIATE)
-NUCLEUS: MACRONUCLEUS AND MICRONUCLEUS
-CYTOSOME: A FUNNEL-SHAPED PRIMITIVE MOUTH
Cyst:
-CYST WALL: SMOOTH
-NUCLEUS: ONE MACRO & MICRONUCLEUS
LARGEST INTESTINAL PROTOZOA
Balantidium coli
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What protozoa:
Diagnosis made with microscopic detection of acid-fast oocysts in stool or small bowel mucosal epithelial cells
Crytosporidium parvum
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What protozoa:
Diagnosis is made by exam of stained fecal smears - oocysts will stain with modified Kinyoun's acid-fast stain and are 8-10 micro-meters
Cyclospora cayetanensis
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What protozoa is diagnosed by microscopic exam of stool for oocysts by wet mounts and/or acid-fast or auromine-rhodamine stains?
Isospora belli
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