-
-
Thermodynamics
is the scientific study of the interconversion and transfer of energy.
-
system
is the specific part of the universe that is of interest.
-
surroundings
are the rest of the universe
-
open system
can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings.
-
closed system
can exchange energy with its surroundings, but not matter.
-
An isolated system
can exchange neither energy nor matter with its surrounds.
-
The state of a system is defined by
the values of a set of relevant macroscopic properties, e.g. temperature(T), volume (V), pressure (P) and composition (nA, nB ...).
-
State functions are
variables (or properties) whose values are uniquely determined by the state of thesystem, regardless of how that state was achieved.
-
Equations of state
are equations that relate state functions to each other, e.g. the ideal gas equation
-
Energy
is the capacity to do work or to produce a change of state in a system.
-
Kinetic energy
is energy of motion.
-
Thermal energy
is kinetic energy associated with random motions of the components of a system
-
Potential or latent energy
is stored energy and is usually associated with the position of an object.
-
Chemical energy
is potential energy stored in molecules, most notably within chemical bonds.
-
Internal energy
is the total energy within a system.
-
Work
is energy transfer due to the action of a force
-
Heat
is energy transfer due to a difference in temperature
-
Enthalpy
is the heat at constant pressure.
-
Thermochemistry
is the study of heat associated with chemical reactions.
-
An exothermic process
is one in which heat is lost from the system (at constant pressure).
-
An endothermic process
is one in which heat is gained by the system (at constant pressure).
-
An isothermal process
is one which the temperature of the system remains constant.
-
State functions
P, V, T, U, H, qP, qV, wP
-
-
Change in internal energy
ΔU = qV
-
Change in enthalpy
ΔH = qP
-
-
-
-
Avogadro's law
V1/n1=V2/n2
-
Dalton's law
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + ...
|
|
