bio112 exam 3

the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and the environment

living componets/interactions among living componets

non-living componets/interactions between organisms and non-living componets.

• Focus on groups of interbreading
• goal to understand what is affecting growth, density and size
• includes studies of species interactions

investigates how organisms are physiologically adapted to their environment

study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for behavior, and the role behavior plays in adapting to the environment

how species composition and community structure change over time, particularly after disturbance

flow of energy and cycling of chemical element among organisms within a community and between organisms and the environment

• solar radiation to heat earth
• energy radiated back to atmosphere
• atmospheric gasses absorb most of this energy increasing earths temperature

• Anticipated changes in global climate will occur too rapidly for normal evolutionary processes to compensate
• climate zones may shift faster than species can migrate resutling in extinction

• Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)-100 yrs
• Methane (C₄)- 7-10 yrs
• Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)- 140-190 yrs

• Water stabilizes air temperatures by absorbing heat from warmer air and releasing it into cooler air
• oceans serve as the largest reservior for carbon dioxide

• Temperature effects how well gasses are dissolved in water
• warmer water holds less dissolved gas
• colder water holds higher amounts of dissolved gas

• reduced concentration of dissolved oxygen in water
• low levels of oxygen in water can suffocate fish and other organisms

The specific space, environmental conditions, and resources a species needs to survive and reproduce

• the full range of environmental conditions under which an organism can exist
• broader of the two

• representing where the species truly does exist
• the space in which a certain species is most highly adapted

• species ranges
• timing of biological activity
• growth rates
• invasive species
• cycling of water and nutrients
• risk of disturbance from fires and insects

• climate change is affecting
• species distributions
• population dynamics
• ecological interactions
• community composition
• evolutionary trajectories

• temperature
• pH
• salinity
• wind
• water
• light

• Normal rainfall pH is 5.6
• most plants grow best at 6.5, when most nutrients are avalible
• pH less than 5.2 prevents nitrifying
• ACID RAIN:pH less than 5.6

group of interbreeding individuals in the same place at the same time

• Clumped
• uniform
• random

• most common
• resources tend to be clustered in nature
• social behavior may promote this pattern

• competition may cause this pattern
• may also rescult from social interactions

• rarest
• rescources are rarely randomly spaced
• may occur where resources are common and abundant

• semelparous
• iteroparous

• produce all offspring in spingle reproductive event,individuals reproduce once and die
• have same-aged young called cohorts

reproduce in sucessive years or breeding seasons

• rate of loss of juveniles low and most individuals lost later in life
• humans

• Fairly uniform death rate
• Beaver

• Rate of loss for juveniles high and then loss low for survivors
• insects

proportion of female offspring born to females of reproductive age

use survivorship data to find proportion of individuals alive at the start of any given ages class

• Exponential
• Logistic

• affected by the density of a population
• direct
• inverse

• Nor affected by density of population
• weather, drought, fire, flood, ect.

• "weedy" species
• able to enter areas and disperse quickly
• grow quickly
• reproduce early
• poor competitors

• stable populations at or near "k"
• grow slowly
• reach reproductive maturity later
• low dispersal, but eventually outcompete other species

• fits an exponential growth pattern
• can exist at equilibrium densities

• 1: birth and death both high and population remains in equilibrium
• 2: death rate declines first, while birthrate remins high... high population rates
• 3. birth rates drop and death rates increase
• 4. both birth and death rates are low and populations at equilibrium again

• relative number of individuals in each defined age group
• commonly displayed as population pyramid
• helps predict future population growth

both species benefit

utilize a common resource, leaf cutting antsand fungus

• Faculative
• Obligatory
• Dispersive

apart

live without the other

• involve pollination and seed dispersion
• mutualisms beneficial, howver needs of each party different

one member dervies a benefit while the other neither benefits nor is harmed

transportation

• bottom-up
• top-down

food limitation controls population density

• herbivore population size, survivorship, growth and recundity
• animals require more nitrogen than plants

natural enemies control population densities

strength of mortality factors varies with availability of plant biomass

• Stability (Time) Hypothesis
• Area Hypothesis
• Productivity Hypothesis
• Intermediate-Disturbance Hypothesis

communities gain species, or diversify, the longer they remain undisturbed

Larger areas have more species because they can support larger populations and a greater range of habitat

greater production of plants results in greater overall species richness

• Highest number of species are maintained in communities with intermediate levels of disturbance
• disturbance caused by droughts, fires, floods, ect.

• measures the diversity and abundance in a community
• the higher the value, the greater the diversity

gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time

• succession on area not previously occupied by soil and vegitation
• virgin ground

Succession on a site that has already supported life but that has undergone a disturbance, such as fire, flood, tornado, or hurricane

• Facilitation
• inhibition
• tolerance

species replacement facilitated by previous colonist

species replacement is inhibited by previous colonists

• species replacement is unaffected by previous colonists
• species that establish and remain do not change the environment in ways that either facilitate or inhibit subswquent colonists

• Intraspecific
• Interspecific
• Exploitation Competition
• Interference Competition

between individuals of the same species

between individuals of different species

• indirect competition
• organisms compete indirectly through the consumption of limited resources

• Direct Competition
• individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation

• a single species will exist in a niche, and where competition arises, the dominant species will prevail
• two species cannot coexist in the same niche indefinitely; one will go extinct or populations will adapt to slightly different niches

warning coloration, which advertises an organisms unpalatable taste

Camouflage

resemblance of mimic to another organism (model)

noxious species converge to reinforce warning

palatable mimic resembles unpalatable model

• Chemical Defense: Aposematic
• Cryptic Coloration
• Mimicry: Batesian, Mullerian
• Displays of Intimidation
• Fighting
• Agility
• Armor
• Masting

Array of unusual and powerful chemicals

herbivores can feed on many plant species

herbivores restricted to 1 or 2 host plants

One organisms feeds off of another but does not normally kill it outright

Feed on one or two closely related hosts

feed on many hosts

multiply within hosts, usually within cells

live in host but release juvenile stages outside host's body

live on the outside of the host body

live inside the host body

• Animal defends a plant or herbivor
• Faculative mutualism:can't live apart
• Obligatory mutualism: nither can live without the other

• involve pollination
• plant would like pollinator with figh fidelity to one species that moves quickly among individuals\animal wants to be generalist to obtain as much food from many flower in a small area to reduce energy expenditure
• optimal needs of each party can be different.