PSY 421: Exam 4

describes a situation in which a behavior will lead to a consequence

rules that do not identify all three aspects of a cntingency of reinforcement 

- i.e. "NO PARKING", "SALE", crosswalks

behavior that develops because of its immediate consequences

Immediate consequences --- Gradual behavior change

behavior controlled by the statement of a rule

Delayed consequences (if a rule is used) --- immediate behavior change

i.e. speeding ticket

praise for sticking to a program leading to a larger reinforcer

a level of performance that an individual or group attempts to achieve

a procedure whereby a sample of a given behavior is presented to an individual to induce that individual to engage in a similar behavior

the application of physical contact to induce an individual to go through the motions of the desired behavior

influencing a behavior by using situations and occasions that already exert control over behavior

when an individual, after learning to imitate a number of behaviors, learns to imitate a new response on the first trial without reinforcement

collection and analysis of data about a behavior

Program Phases (4)

the specific movements involved in making the response

the form (physical appearacnce) of movement

the number of instances of a behavior that occurs in a given period of time

a graph where each data point represents the total number of elements completed during a specific period of time

graph where each response for a condition during a session is added to the total responses of all previous sessions for that condition

the length of time that a behavior occurs within a period of time

force of a behavior

- how hard a hockey player can shoot a puck

the degree of correlation between a stimulus and a response

the time between the occurence of a stimulus and the beginning of that behavior

the recording of every instance of a behavior during a designated observation period

logs the behavior as either occuring or not occuring during short intervals of equal duration during the specified observation period

records the target behavior a maximum of once per interval regardless of how mant times the behavior occurs during each interval and regardless of the behavior's duration

notes the target behavior as occuring during an interval only if it persists throughout the entire interval

scores a behavior as (not)/occuring during very brief observation intervals that are separated from each other by a much longer period of time

a behavior is recorded as (not)/Occuring at specific points in time 

i.e. every hour on the hour

an experimental design consisting of a baseline phase followed by a treatment phase, followed by a reversal back to baseline conditions, and followed by a replication of the treatment phase.

when an experiment convincingly demonstrates that the independent variable caused the observed change in the dependent variable

when the finding of an experiment can be generalized to other behaviors, individuals, settings, or treatments.

design used to demonstrate the effectiveness of a particular treatment without reversing to baseline conditions

involves establishing baselines for two or more of an individual's behaviors

*1 subject/ Many Behaviors

involves establishing a baseline for a behavior of an individual across two or more situations

*1 subject/ 1 behavior/ Many situations

involves establishing a baseline for a specific behavior across two or more people

*1 Behavior/ Many subjects

assessment in which the observational assessor carefully observes and describes the antecedents and immediate consequences of the problem behavior in it's natural settings

the systematic manipulation of environmental events to experimentally test their role in behavior maintenance

The amount of "flip-flops" needed in an ABAB design is less if ___ ___ are observed and if a lot of ___ ___ exsists in the area.