Delayed consequences (if a rule is used) --- immediate behavior change
i.e. speeding ticket
Interim Reinforcers
praise for sticking to a program leading to a larger reinforcer
Goal
a level of performance that an individual or group attempts to achieve
Modeling
a procedure whereby a sample of a given behavior is presented to an individual to induce that individual to engage in a similar behavior
Physical Guidance
the application of physical contact to induce an individual to go through the motions of the desired behavior
Situational Inducement
influencing a behavior by using situations and occasions that already exert control over behavior
Generalized Imitation
when an individual, after learning to imitate a number of behaviors, learns to imitate a new response on the first trial without reinforcement
Behavioral Assessment
collection and analysis of data about a behavior
1) Screening/ Intake
2) Baseline
3) Treatment
4) Follow-Up
Program Phases (4)
Topography
the specific movements involved in making the response
the form (physical appearacnce) of movement
Frequency/Rate of Behavior
the number of instances of a behavior that occurs in a given period of time
Frequency Graph
a graph where each data point represents the total number of elements completed during a specific period of time
Cumulative Graph
graph where each response for a condition during a session is added to the total responses of all previous sessions for that condition
Relative Duration of a Behavior
the length of time that a behavior occurs within a period of time
Intensity
force of a behavior
- how hard a hockey player can shoot a puck
Stimulus Control
the degree of correlation between a stimulus and a response
Latency
the time between the occurence of a stimulus and the beginning of that behavior
Continuous Recording
the recording of every instance of a behavior during a designated observation period
Interval Recording
logs the behavior as either occuring or not occuring during short intervals of equal duration during the specified observation period
Partial-Interval Recording
records the target behavior a maximum of once per interval regardless of how mant times the behavior occurs during each interval and regardless of the behavior's duration
Whole-Interval Recording
notes the target behavior as occuring during an interval only if it persists throughout the entire interval
Time -Sampling Recording
scores a behavior as (not)/occuring during very brief observation intervals that are separated from each other by a much longer period of time
Momentary Time Sampling
a behavior is recorded as (not)/Occuring at specific points in time
i.e. every hour on the hour
Reversal Replication (ABAB) Design
an experimental design consisting of a baseline phase followed by a treatment phase, followed by a reversal back to baseline conditions, and followed by a replication of the treatment phase.
Internal Validity
when an experiment convincingly demonstrates that the independent variable caused the observed change in the dependent variable
External Validity
when the finding of an experiment can be generalized to other behaviors, individuals, settings, or treatments.
Multiple-Baseline Design
design used to demonstrate the effectiveness of a particular treatment without reversing to baseline conditions
Multiple-Baseline-Across-Behaviors-Design
involves establishing baselines for two or more of an individual's behaviors
*1 subject/ Many Behaviors
Multiple-Baseline-Across-Situations-Design
involves establishing a baseline for a behavior of an individual across two or more situations
*1 subject/ 1 behavior/ Many situations
Multiple-Baseline-Across-People (Subjects)-Design
involves establishing a baseline for a specific behavior across two or more people
*1 Behavior/ Many subjects
Observational Assessment
assessment in which the observational assessor carefully observes and describes the antecedents and immediate consequences of the problem behavior in it's natural settings
Functional Analysis/Assessment
the systematic manipulation of environmental events to experimentally test their role in behavior maintenance
large effects / previous research
The amount of "flip-flops" needed in an ABAB design is less if ___ ___ are observed and if a lot of ___ ___ exsists in the area.