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gastronintestinal tract
muscular tube from mouth to anus
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peristalis
moves substances
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mucosa
- mucus membrane w/ goblet cells
- microvilli (absorption) in small intestines
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submucossa
- connect tissue below mucosa
- blood vessels and nerves
- mucus secreting glands in small intestines
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muscularis
- smooth muscle - peristalis
- mixes food w/ digestive juices and propels it thru system
- three layers in stomach
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serosa
serious membrane forming peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity
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order of walls in GI tract
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa
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peritoneum
serious membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity, folds back to cover organ in cavity
allows organs to slide over each other w/o friction
has blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
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sub-divisions of peritoneum
- mesentery- posterior wall to small intestine
- mesocolon- posterior wall to colon
- greater omentum- lower border of stomach, loops back to transverse colon
- lesser omentum- between stomach & liver
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salivary amylase
enzyme that mixes food with salivary from salivary glands to break down
begins chemical digestion of carbs & starches
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deglutination
moves food from mouth towards throat for swallowing
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teeth function in?
mastication
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how many deciduous teeth? (baby teeth, age 2-6)
20
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how many perminant teeth? (adult teeth)
32
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how many incisors (cutting teeth)
8
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how many canines/cuspids/eye teeth (tear teeth)
4
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how many molars (grind)
20
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pharynx function
- tongue pushes bolus of food into pharynx,
- uvula/soft palate raise to keep food out of nasal cavity
- tongue raises to seal off oral cavity
- epiglottis covers trachea to keep food out of respiratory tract
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3 sub divisions of pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
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what is the 10 in long muscular tube from larynx to stomach?
esophagus
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functions of esophagus
lubricates swallowed food, moves it by gravity (peristalsis) to stomach, no digestion
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hole in diaphragm the esophagus passes through before entering stomach
esophageal hiatus
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subdivisons of stoamch
- fundus- upper
- body- curvatures
- pylorus- lower
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cardia esophageal sphincter
between esophagus & stomach
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pyloric sphincter
between stomach & small intestine
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rugae
- inner most layer of mucous membrane (folds)
- three layers of smooth msucles
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functions of stomach
- rugae expand (storage)
- mixing of food by stomach muscle
- cells secrete substance that form gastric juices
- secretes mucus to lubricate/protect structure
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hydrochloric acid (HCI) produced by?
stomach
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pepsin is activated by?
- stomach-
- digesting proteins
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chime is? formed by?
- highly acidic semi-liquid material
- stomach forms this,
- result of mechanical/chemical digestion
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longest section of GI tract, 20 feet long?
small intestine
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sub-divisons of small intestines
- dueodenum
- jejunum
- ileum- ileocecal valve
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small intestine functions
- secrete mucus to protect from acidic chyme from stomach
- most digestion occurs here
- lining secretes enzymes that digest protein and carbs
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liver and pancreas release their digestive enzymes through the opening in what?
duodenum of small intestine
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amylase of small intestine
digest starches/carbs into sugar
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peptisdase of small intestine
trypsin
digest proteins into amino acids
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lipase of small intestine
digest fat to fatty acid and glycerol
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nuclease of small intestines
digest nucleic acids
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Villi and Microvilli of small intestines
- increase surface area for absorption
- contain- blood vessels to absorb digested nutrients
- lacteals to absorb digested fat
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structure that is 5 feet long, 2.5 inches in diameter, puckered appearance, begins in RLQ
large intestines
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structures of large intestines
- cecum- pouch
- ileocecal valve & vermiform appendix
- ascending colon (right abdomen)
- transverse colon
- descending colon (left abdomen)
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anus
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large intestine function
- secrete mucus but no digestive enzymes
- reabsorbs water from feces
- stored undigested food (feces)
- INVOLUNTARY muscle of large intestines propel solid waste towards rectum
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defecation occurs when?
voluntary sphincter relaxes
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normal flora of large intestines produce?
- Vitamin K & B
- destroyed by antibiotics
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salivary glands empty secrtions into mouth trough
ducts
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salivary glands form?
saliva
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salivary glands (in general)
- parotid glands (near ear)
- submandibular/sub maxillary glands (lower jaw)
- sublingual glands (under tongue)
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salivary glands function
moisten/lubricate food,
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salivary glands secrete what enzyme?
salivary amylase
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saliva functions
- chemical digestion of carbs/starches
- keep teeth clean
- antibodies and enzyme lysozyme to control bacterial in mouth
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lysozyme (of salivary glands) does?
control bacteria in mouth
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largest gland, reddish born, very vascular, contains lobes, in RUQ
liver
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liver functions
- produce bile
- salts to amulsifty fat to be absorbed
- stores glucose as glycogen (released when blood glucose dropes)
- modifies fat for use in body
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hepatic duct
- 2 ducts of liver that merge together
- bile leaves here
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liver forms what blood plasma proteins?
- albumin
- globulins
- clotting factors
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liver destroys?
- worn out RBC
- eliminates waste products (bilirubin) in bile- making the feces color
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liver creates what as a waste product?
- urea- waste product of protein metabolism & release into blood stream
- so kidneys can eliminate it in urin
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liver detoxifies?
harmful substances from blood (alcohol, drugs)
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muscular sac below liver, in cystic duct?
gallbladder
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gallbladder functions
- store bile- draining into hepatic duct, flows to gallbladder through cystic ductreleases bile when cyme enters small intestines
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common bile duct
cystic duct merges w/ common hepatic duct
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long gland, extends from duodenum to spleen?
pancreas
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pancreatic duct
exocrine secretions leave pancreas here
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common bile duct
pancreatic duct merges into this
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exocrine functions of pancrease
secrete digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate into small intestines to neutralize acidic chyme
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pancreatic amylase
chemical digestion of starches/carbs to sugars
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pancreatic trypsin
chemical digestion of proteins to amino acids
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pancreatic lipase
chemical digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol
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pancreatic nuclease
chemical digestion of nucleic acids, RNA, DNA
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endocrine functions of pancreas
- produce hormones- insulin & glucagon
- regulates sugar
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