Science: Genetic Engineering

Home

Get App

Create

Altering the DNA of an organism to produce desired traits

Genetic Engineering
Crossing individuals that have a desired characteristic

Selective Breeding
What is an example of Selective Breeding

Dairy cows for increased production of milk
Crossing individuals with similar characteristics so that those characteristics will appear in the offspring

Inbreeding
What is an example of Inbreeding?

Purebred dogs
What is the problem with Inbreeding?

Recessive genetic defects may be passed down
Crossing dissimilar indviduals

Hybridization
Hybrids are hardier than parents

Hybrid Vigor
What is an example of Hybridization?
(and it's 3 pro's)
- Hybrid corn:
- -Disease resistant
- -Yield more corn per acre
- -Has higher nutritional value
Change DNA that is not found naturally in population

Mutations
Causes mutation through agents such as chemical or radiation

Mutagen
3 Examples of Mutations?
- Bacteria
- Seedless Oranges
- Hairless MIce
Treatment of disorders using engineered genes into patients cells so they can produce proteins that they could not before

Gene Therapy
3 Ways to Modify Genes?
- Somatic Gene Therapy
- Germline
- Cloning
Ways to Modify Genes:
Body cells, not passed to offspring

Somatic Gene Therapy
Ways to Modify Genes:
Sex cells, passed to offspring

Germline
Ways to Modify Genes:
Copy specific DNA, cell or organism

Cloning
Another word for DNA cloning?

Recombinant DNA technology
DNA from 2 sources is combined

DNA cloning
Proteins that cut DNA at a specific sequence

Restriction Enzyme
Small circular DNA molecules in bacteria

Plasmid
What was Recombinant DNA technology first used with?

Bacteria
Steps to Make Recombinant DNA?:
(4)
- 1. Isolate plasmid from bacterium
- 2. Cut with restriction enzyme creating "sticky ends"
- 3. Insert gene of interest
- 4. Put new plasmid in bacterium and it will replicate and produce proteins
What are the Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria?
(3)
- 1. Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone.
- 2. Bacteria can be engineered to "eat" oil spills.
- 3. Cancer Treatment
What is an example of Plants that are genetically modified?

Frost-resistant strawberries with gene from cold-water fish
What percent of food in the supermarket is genetically modified?

70-75%
What are 3 Pro's to Genetically Modified Plants?
- Disease-Resistant
- Insect-Resistant
- Hardier Fruit
How do you create a Genetically Modified Plant?
(3)
- 1. Create recombinant bacteria with desired gene
- 2. Allow the bacteria to "infect" the plant cells
- 3. Desired gene is inserted into plant chromosomes
What are 2 types of cloning?
- Therapeutic
- Reproductive
Cloning that produces human embryos for use in research

Therapeutic Cloning
Blank cells found in umbilical cord and bone marrow

Stem Cells
These have the ability to change to certain cell determined by surrounding tissue

Stem Cells
Cloning that creates an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another

Reproductive Cloning
Example of Reproductive Cloning

Dolly the sheep
What are the Stages (8) of the creation of Dolly?
- 1. Cells collected from a sheep's udder.
- 2. The nucleus is removed from an unfertilized egg of a second sheep.
- 3. An udder cell is inserted into the egg with no nucleus
- 4. The insertion is successful
- 5. An electrical charge is supplied to fusion occurs
- 6. Cells begin to divide
- 7&8. Embryo is placed into a third sheep, the surrogate mother
What are the pro's of cloning?
(5)
- Cure human diseases
- Crate animal organs
- Create animals that are disease resistant
- More consistent food products
- Save endangered species
What are the cons cloning?
(3)
- Use technology to clone humans
- Expensive
- Not efficient
Is cloning asexual or sexual?

Asexual
False facts about cloning:
Genetic Make-up is altered
Mutants are created
Clones are unhealthy
Possible to recreate dead people
True cloning facts:
Plant cloning has been around for thousands of years
Farm animal cloning has been around for over 20 years
Cloned animals are save to eat and raise
When was the Human Cloning Prohibition Act passed?

2005
What is the Criminal Penalty for Cloning humans?

Up to 10 years in prison
What is the civil penalty for Cloning humans?

1 million dollar fine
Contains foreign DNA

Transgenic Organisms
Desired DNA is added to an egg cell

Transgenic Organisms
An example of a Transgenic Animal and how it is good for humans.

Mice, we can use to study the human immune system
Produce large amounts of protein quickly and inexpensively

Transgenic Bacteria
What is an example of Transgenic Bacteria? and what does it do?
- Interferon
- -Helps protect cancer patients from viruses due to a weakened immune system from chemo therapy.
Produces plants that create natural insecticides and nitrogen nutrients

Transgenic Plants
What is an example of a Transgenic Plant?

Tomatoes that don't spoil as quickly
Examples of DNA samples?
- Body tissue
- Hair
- Blood
- Saliva
Reasons for DNA Fingerprinting?
(4)
- Criminal Identifications
- Paternity or Maternity
- Personal Identifications
- Exoneration of Criminals
What does PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) allow scientists to do?

To make many copies of a piece of DNA
Steps (3) of The Polymerase Chain Reaction?
- 1. Heat the DNA so it "unzips".
- 2. Add the nitrogen bases
- 3. Allow DNA to cool so the strands can zip together
Steps (5) of DNA fingerprinting
- 1. Get sample of DNA
- 2. Cut DNA using restriction enzymes
- 3. Transfer DNA to nylon sheet on gel and soak overnight
- 4. Add radioactive probes to produce pattern
- 5. Compare DNA fingerprint to unknown sample
What helps solve violent crimes in FBI labratorys?

CODIS

Author

LaurenCamp29

213936

Card Set

Science: Genetic Engineering

Description

fdslkajflsk

Updated

2013-04-16T21:53:44Z

Show Answers