MMI organisms to know

• Gram positive cocci
• Coagulase positive
• Clusters
• Carbuncle or boil

• Gram positive cocci
• Coagulase negative
• Clusters

• Gram positive cocci
• Coagulase negative
• Clusters

• Diplococci gram positive
• Alpha hemolytic
• Community acquired pneumoniae

• Group A strep
• Gram positive chained cocci
• Beta bemolytic
• Flesh-eating disease

• Group B Strep
• Gram positive chained cocci
• Beta hemolytic

• Streptococcus, gram positive cocci chained
• Gamma hemolytic

• Gram positive bacilli
• without spores

• Gram positive bacilli
• Without spores

• Ie. B. anthracis
• Aerobic
• Gram positive bacilli with spores

• Anaerobic
• Gram positive bacilli
• With spores

Gram positive bacilli with spores

• Gram positive bacilli with spores
• Gas gangrene

Gram positive bacilli with spores

Gram positive bacilli with spores

• Diplococci gram negative cooci
• The clap

Diplococci Gram negative cocci

• Gram negative bacilli
• Aerobic and faculitative
• Hamburger disease

Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facultative

Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facultative

• Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facultative
• Bacillary dysentery

Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative

Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative

• Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facultative
• Rabbit Fever

• Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative
• Peptic and duodenal ulcers

Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative

• Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative
• Whooping cough

Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative

Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative

Gram negative, anaerobic bacteria

Anaerobic Gram negative bacteria

• Aerotolerant
• Anaerobic Gram positive pleomorphic bacteria

• Cell not stainable using a gram stain
• Bacteria

• Cell wall not stainable using a gram stain
• Bacteria

• No cell wall
• Bacteria

• Too small to see
• Bacteria

Intracellular and too small to see

Cat scratch disease

• Cysticercosis
• Cestodes, metazoa parasties
• Pork tapeworm

• Protozoa: one celled parasite
• Trich, no cyst frm
• Trichomonas spralis causes trichinlleosis

Lyme disease

• Gram positive cocci that are in chains
• Dental cavities

Swimmer's itch

• Yest, one celled fungi
• Thrush, vaginal yeast infection

• Yeast: one celled fungi
• meningitis

Yeast: one celled fungi

Yeast: one celled fungi

Yeast: one celled fungi

Mold: many celled fungi

• Dimorphic fungi
• Causes Rose Gardner's Disease

• Dimorphic fungi
• Speluker's Disease

• Dimorphic fungi
• Valley fever

Dimorphic fungi

• Protozoa: one celled parasite
• Amoebic dysentry

• Protozoa: one celled parasite
• Causes beaver fever

Protozoa: one celled parasite

• Protozoa: one celled parasite
• Increase resistance to chlorine

• Protozoa: one celled parasite
• Pregnant women avoid this by eating cooked meat and avoiding cat feces

• Protozoa: one celled parasite
• Cruzi causes Chaga's disease
• Brucei causes Africa sleeping sickness

• Protozoa: one celled parasite
• Oriental sore

Protozoa: one celled parasite

• Protozoa: one celled parasite
• Causes severe anemia

Protozoa: one celled parasite

Protozoa: one celled parasite

Protozoa: one celled parasite

Protozoa: one celled parasite

• Many celled parasites
• Metaoza

• Nematode, metazoa
• Common occurrence in day care

• Nematode, metazoa
• Worms come out of noses

Nematode, metazoa

Nematode, metazoa

Nematode, metazoa

Nematode, metazoa

Nematode, metazoa

• Trematodes, metazoa parasites
• From birds gives swimmer's itch
• S. hematobium gives urniary schistosoma

• Beef tapeworm
• Cestodes, metazoa parasites

• Cestodes, metazoan parasites
• Genus of the do tapeworm

Ectoparasite, metazoa parasite

Ectoparasite, metazoan parasite

Ectoparasite, metazoan parasite

• HSV, VZN, CMU, EBV
• DNA virus
• envolope

• Vaccinia, Varola, Molloscum contagiosum
• DNA Virus, Envoloped

• UPT, eye infection, GI infections
• DNA virus, no evelope

• HPV, Polymavirus (JC virus)
• DNA virus, no envelope

• B19
• DNA virus, no envelope

• HBV
• DNA virus, Envoloped

• Enteroviruses like poliovirus, HAV, Rhiovirus
• RNA virus, no envelope

• Norovirus
• RNA virus, no envelope

• Rubella
• RNA virus, enveloped

• Yellow Fever, Dengue, HCV
• RNA virus, enveloped

• SARS, common cold
• RNA virus, enveloped

• PIV, Measles, Mumps
• RNA virus, enveloped

• Influenza A, B, C
• RNA virus, enveloped

• Hanta
• RNA virus, enveloped

• Rotavirus
• RNA virus, no envelope

• Rabies
• RNA virus, enveloped

• Ebola
• RNA virus, enveloped

• HIV, HTLV-1, HTLV-II
• RNA virus, enveloped

• Innate immunity
• Adaptive immunity

• Skin
• Mucous membranes & secretions
• Normal flora

• Leukocytes (WBC): monocytes/macrophages, Dendritic cells, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils/Mast cells
• Toll Like Receptors (TLRs)
• Chemotaxis
• MHC
• Complement: classical, alternate and lectin; Triggers for activation; C3a, C5a, C3b, C5-9; Function (OIL)
• Anitmicrobial substances: antimicrobial peptides, acute phase porteins, interferons

• Specialized lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
• Antibodies

• Already in place at birth, first and second line of defenses
• Prevent colonization, replication and spread of infectious agents
• Physical barriers, then 2nd line of defense
• Phagocytes, inflammatory responses and complement proteins become activated
• Antimicrobial substances are produced (lysozyme)
• Nonspecific functions occur rapidly and are essential

Where the cells of the immune system multiply to prepare to fight off the infection.

• invade host cell and take over cellular machinery
• Live inside host cells and try to hide from immune system
• Some may down regulate markers on the host cell that signal infection within

• Usually live outside host cells
• many have specific mechanisms like capsules, enzymes, and exotoxins to avoid or destroy host defenses (and cells)

• Can be very large (up to 10m in length)
• Some cloak themselves in layer that make them invisible to the immune system: consists of host-derived molecules, so the immune system sees the parasite as self.

• Different strategies, depending on fungi
• Come yeast can produce a capsule for evading phagocytosis
• Some molds are large and not easily accessible for phagocytosis
• Some molds can change their morphology in the body and become yeast, which may be able to replicate and survive in macrophages (dimorphic)

• Plasma: Fluid portion of blood, with clotting proteins and nonativated
• Erythrocytes: red blood cells; carry oxygen to tissues
• Platelets: involved in clotting and plugging capillaries, production of immune-reactive chemicals like serotonin
• Leukocytes: white blood cells; granulocytes and mononuclear cells
• Serum: liquid part of the blood, with blood clotting factors removed

• Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
• Mononuclear cells: Monocytes, natural killer and lymphocytes

• eg. Landerhans cells
• Antigen-presenting cells that live in tissues and process and present antigen to helper T cells that live in tissues.  These cells survey tissue and "look" for antigen or foreign substances and can be microorganisms

Enzymes (break down H₂O₂) and produce oxidizing compounds that can affect bacteria (eg. catalase)

Iron-binding protein often in secretions (deprives proliferating bacteria of iron, so restricts growth)

Iron-binding protein in the blood

Short antimicrobial peptides found on mucous membranes and in phagocytic cells. Function to form pores in target; results in microbial cell destruction

• Goblet cells: secrete mucus - traps microbes
• Mechanical removal: coughing, sneezing to expel organisms
• Ciliary escalator: Ciliated epithelial cells in trachea and nasopharynx
• Secretions: "flushing" to prevent infection: tears, saliva, crevicular fluid urine

• Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL)
• Originate in bone marrow, short-lived as it doesn't have mitochondria

• First line of defense against intracellular pathogens
• Kill "targets" directly, check out MHC I
• Kills tumor cells, viral/intracellular bacteria infected cells

Kill parasites by large numbers and release chemicals

Produced by tissues in response to viral infection (purpose is to protect surrounding cells from viral infection)

• found on outside of membrane of body cells
• MHC I- found on almost all nucleated body cells.  NK cells check out the MHC I to find if there is a problem.
• MHC II: Found only on APC (antigen-presenting cells) macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-lymphocytes.  These work with the T helper cells in the adaptive immune system

• Complemantion
• Opsonization- coats bacteria to enhance phagocytosis
• Inflammation to recruit phagocytes
• Lysis

antibody -production factories

T cytotoxic cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity

T helper cells: interact with antigen presenting cells and mediate the activation of B and Tc cells

• Learning
• Specificity
• Diversity
• Memory