-
Staphylococcus aureus
- Gram positive cocci
- Coagulase positive
- Clusters
- Carbuncle or boil
-
Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Gram positive cocci
- Coagulase negative
- Clusters
-
Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
- Gram positive cocci
- Coagulase negative
- Clusters
-
Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Diplococci gram positive
- Alpha hemolytic
- Community acquired pneumoniae
-
Streptococcus pyogenes
- Group A strep
- Gram positive chained cocci
- Beta bemolytic
- Flesh-eating disease
-
Streptococcus agaluactiae
- Group B Strep
- Gram positive chained cocci
- Beta hemolytic
-
Enterococcus
- Streptococcus, gram positive cocci chained
- Gamma hemolytic
-
Listeria monocytogenes
- Gram positive bacilli
- without spores
-
Corynebacterium diptheriae
- Gram positive bacilli
- Without spores
-
Bacillus species
- Ie. B. anthracis
- Aerobic
- Gram positive bacilli with spores
-
Clostridium species
- Anaerobic
- Gram positive bacilli
- With spores
-
Clostridium difficile
Gram positive bacilli with spores
-
Clostridium perfringens
- Gram positive bacilli with spores
- Gas gangrene
-
Clostridium botulinum
Gram positive bacilli with spores
-
Clostridium tetani
Gram positive bacilli with spores
-
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Diplococci gram negative cooci
- The clap
-
Neisseria meningitidis
Diplococci Gram negative cocci
-
Escherichia coli (including 0157:H7)
- Gram negative bacilli
- Aerobic and faculitative
- Hamburger disease
-
Psuedomonas aeruginosa
Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facultative
-
Salomonella
Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facultative
-
Shigella
- Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facultative
- Bacillary dysentery
-
Campylobacter
Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative
-
Yersinia
Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative
-
Francisella
- Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facultative
- Rabbit Fever
-
Helicobacter pylori
- Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative
- Peptic and duodenal ulcers
-
Haemophilus influenza
Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative
-
Bordetella pertussis
- Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative
- Whooping cough
-
Pasteurella multocida
Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative
-
Vibrio cholerae
Gram negative bacilli Aerobic and facilitative
-
Bacteriodes
Gram negative, anaerobic bacteria
-
Fusobacterium
Anaerobic Gram negative bacteria
-
Actinomycs
- Aerotolerant
- Anaerobic Gram positive pleomorphic bacteria
-
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Cell not stainable using a gram stain
- Bacteria
-
Mycobacterium laprae
- Cell wall not stainable using a gram stain
- Bacteria
-
-
-
Chlymydia trachomatis
Intracellular and too small to see
-
Bartonella hensalae
Cat scratch disease
-
Taenia solium
- Cysticercosis
- Cestodes, metazoa parasties
- Pork tapeworm
-
Trichomonas vaginalis
- Protozoa: one celled parasite
- Trich, no cyst frm
- Trichomonas spralis causes trichinlleosis
-
Borrelia bergdorfer
Lyme disease
-
Streptococcus mutans
- Gram positive cocci that are in chains
- Dental cavities
-
Schistosoma species
Swimmer's itch
-
Candida albicans
- Yest, one celled fungi
- Thrush, vaginal yeast infection
-
Cryptococcus neoformans/gatte
- Yeast: one celled fungi
- meningitis
-
Pneumocystis jlroveci
Yeast: one celled fungi
-
Malessezia furfur
Yeast: one celled fungi
-
Saccharomyces sp
Yeast: one celled fungi
-
Aspergeillus species
Mold: many celled fungi
-
Sporothrix schenkii
- Dimorphic fungi
- Causes Rose Gardner's Disease
-
Histoplasma capsulatum
- Dimorphic fungi
- Speluker's Disease
-
Coccidioides immitis
- Dimorphic fungi
- Valley fever
-
Blastomyces dermatitdis
Dimorphic fungi
-
Entamoeba histolytica
- Protozoa: one celled parasite
- Amoebic dysentry
-
Giardia lamblia
- Protozoa: one celled parasite
- Causes beaver fever
-
Acanthamoeba species
Protozoa: one celled parasite
-
Cryptosporidium paruum
- Protozoa: one celled parasite
- Increase resistance to chlorine
-
Toxoplasma yondii
- Protozoa: one celled parasite
- Pregnant women avoid this by eating cooked meat and avoiding cat feces
-
Trypansoma cruzi and brucei
- Protozoa: one celled parasite
- Cruzi causes Chaga's disease
- Brucei causes Africa sleeping sickness
-
Leishamnia species
- Protozoa: one celled parasite
- Oriental sore
-
Plasmodium species
Protozoa: one celled parasite
-
Plasmodium flaciparum
- Protozoa: one celled parasite
- Causes severe anemia
-
Plasmodium malariae
Protozoa: one celled parasite
-
Plasmodium Virax
Protozoa: one celled parasite
-
Plasmodium ovale
Protozoa: one celled parasite
-
Plasmodium knowlesii
Protozoa: one celled parasite
-
Helminths
- Many celled parasites
- Metaoza
-
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
- Nematode, metazoa
- Common occurrence in day care
-
Ascaris lumbricoides
- Nematode, metazoa
- Worms come out of noses
-
Trichuris trichuria
Nematode, metazoa
-
Hookworm
Nematode, metazoa
-
Anisakis
Nematode, metazoa
-
Trichinella
Nematode, metazoa
-
Filaria = blood roundworms (general)
Nematode, metazoa
-
Schistosoma: S hematobium, S. japonicum, S. mansoni
- Trematodes, metazoa parasites
- From birds gives swimmer's itch
- S. hematobium gives urniary schistosoma
-
Taenia saginata
- Beef tapeworm
- Cestodes, metazoa parasites
-
Echinococcus species
- Cestodes, metazoan parasites
- Genus of the do tapeworm
-
Sarcoptes scabei
Ectoparasite, metazoa parasite
-
Pediculus humanus
Ectoparasite, metazoan parasite
-
Phthirus pubis
Ectoparasite, metazoan parasite
-
Herspesviriae
- HSV, VZN, CMU, EBV
- DNA virus
- envolope
-
Poxviridae
- Vaccinia, Varola, Molloscum contagiosum
- DNA Virus, Envoloped
-
Adeniviridae
- UPT, eye infection, GI infections
- DNA virus, no evelope
-
Papoviridae
- HPV, Polymavirus (JC virus)
- DNA virus, no envelope
-
Parvoviridae
- B19
- DNA virus, no envelope
-
-
Picornaviridae
- Enteroviruses like poliovirus, HAV, Rhiovirus
- RNA virus, no envelope
-
Caliciviidae
- Norovirus
- RNA virus, no envelope
-
Togaviridae
- Rubella
- RNA virus, enveloped
-
Flaviviridae
- Yellow Fever, Dengue, HCV
- RNA virus, enveloped
-
Coronaviridae
- SARS, common cold
- RNA virus, enveloped
-
Paramyxoviridae
- PIV, Measles, Mumps
- RNA virus, enveloped
-
Orthomyoviridae
- Influenza A, B, C
- RNA virus, enveloped
-
Bunyaviridae
- Hanta
- RNA virus, enveloped
-
Reoviridae
- Rotavirus
- RNA virus, no envelope
-
Rhabdoviridae
- Rabies
- RNA virus, enveloped
-
Filoviridae
- Ebola
- RNA virus, enveloped
-
Retroviridae
- HIV, HTLV-1, HTLV-II
- RNA virus, enveloped
-
Immunology, 2 branches
- Innate immunity
- Adaptive immunity
-
1st line of defense (innate)
- Skin
- Mucous membranes & secretions
- Normal flora
-
2nd line of defense (innate immune)
- Leukocytes (WBC): monocytes/macrophages, Dendritic cells, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils/Mast cells
- Toll Like Receptors (TLRs)
- Chemotaxis
- MHC
- Complement: classical, alternate and lectin; Triggers for activation; C3a, C5a, C3b, C5-9; Function (OIL)
- Anitmicrobial substances: antimicrobial peptides, acute phase porteins, interferons
-
3rd line of defense (apaptive immune)
- Specialized lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
- Antibodies
-
Innate immune system
- Already in place at birth, first and second line of defenses
- Prevent colonization, replication and spread of infectious agents
- Physical barriers, then 2nd line of defense
- Phagocytes, inflammatory responses and complement proteins become activated
- Antimicrobial substances are produced (lysozyme)
- Nonspecific functions occur rapidly and are essential
-
Lymph nodes
Where the cells of the immune system multiply to prepare to fight off the infection.
-
How viruses overcome host barriers
- invade host cell and take over cellular machinery
- Live inside host cells and try to hide from immune system
- Some may down regulate markers on the host cell that signal infection within
-
How bacteria overcome host defenses
- Usually live outside host cells
- many have specific mechanisms like capsules, enzymes, and exotoxins to avoid or destroy host defenses (and cells)
-
How parasites overcome host defenses
- Can be very large (up to 10m in length)
- Some cloak themselves in layer that make them invisible to the immune system: consists of host-derived molecules, so the immune system sees the parasite as self.
-
How Fungi overcome host barriers
- Different strategies, depending on fungi
- Come yeast can produce a capsule for evading phagocytosis
- Some molds are large and not easily accessible for phagocytosis
- Some molds can change their morphology in the body and become yeast, which may be able to replicate and survive in macrophages (dimorphic)
-
Composition of Blood
- Plasma: Fluid portion of blood, with clotting proteins and nonativated
- Erythrocytes: red blood cells; carry oxygen to tissues
- Platelets: involved in clotting and plugging capillaries, production of immune-reactive chemicals like serotonin
- Leukocytes: white blood cells; granulocytes and mononuclear cells
- Serum: liquid part of the blood, with blood clotting factors removed
-
Leukocytes
- Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
- Mononuclear cells: Monocytes, natural killer and lymphocytes
-
Dendritic cells
- eg. Landerhans cells
- Antigen-presenting cells that live in tissues and process and present antigen to helper T cells that live in tissues. These cells survey tissue and "look" for antigen or foreign substances and can be microorganisms
-
Peroxidase
Enzymes (break down H2O2) and produce oxidizing compounds that can affect bacteria (eg. catalase)
-
Lactoferrin
Iron-binding protein often in secretions (deprives proliferating bacteria of iron, so restricts growth)
-
Transferrin
Iron-binding protein in the blood
-
Defensins
Short antimicrobial peptides found on mucous membranes and in phagocytic cells. Function to form pores in target; results in microbial cell destruction
-
Defense mechanisms of mucous membranes
- Goblet cells: secrete mucus - traps microbes
- Mechanical removal: coughing, sneezing to expel organisms
- Ciliary escalator: Ciliated epithelial cells in trachea and nasopharynx
- Secretions: "flushing" to prevent infection: tears, saliva, crevicular fluid urine
-
Nuetrophil
- Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL)
- Originate in bone marrow, short-lived as it doesn't have mitochondria
-
Natural Killer cells
- First line of defense against intracellular pathogens
- Kill "targets" directly, check out MHC I
- Kills tumor cells, viral/intracellular bacteria infected cells
-
Eosiophils
Kill parasites by large numbers and release chemicals
-
Interferon
Produced by tissues in response to viral infection (purpose is to protect surrounding cells from viral infection)
-
MHC
- found on outside of membrane of body cells
- MHC I- found on almost all nucleated body cells. NK cells check out the MHC I to find if there is a problem.
- MHC II: Found only on APC (antigen-presenting cells) macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-lymphocytes. These work with the T helper cells in the adaptive immune system
-
OIL
- Complemantion
- Opsonization- coats bacteria to enhance phagocytosis
- Inflammation to recruit phagocytes
- Lysis
-
B cells
antibody -production factories
-
Tc cells
T cytotoxic cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity
-
Th cells
T helper cells: interact with antigen presenting cells and mediate the activation of B and Tc cells
-
4 fundamental properties of acquired immunity
- Learning
- Specificity
- Diversity
- Memory
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