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What is a paragraph
A collection of related sentences (3-5) dealing with a single topic.
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Basic Rule for Paragraph
keep one idea to one paragraph
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Four Main Elements of a Paragraph
- Unity
- Coherence
- Topic Sentence
- Development
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Unity
entire paragraph concerns itself with a single focus
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Coherence
trait that makes the paragraph easily understandable to a reader. gra,,ar
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topic sentence
- sentence that indicates in a general way what idea or thesis the paragraph is going to deal with.
- transition + thesis link + support = topic sentence
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thesis statement
- claim and support
- provides focus and organization
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Development
deals with the level of discussion, understanding and acknowledging complexities.
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Paragraph structure
- claim/topic sentence
- reference/evidence
- discussion
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What is a summary?
Brief restatement in your own words of the content of the passage
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Qualities of Summary
- Brevity
- Completeness
- Objectivity
- Accuracy
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brevity
a summary is shorter than original
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Completeness
summary covers all main points omits minor details
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Objectivity
meant to discuss without personal bias and avoid emotionally loaded words
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Uses of Summary
- condense material
- avoid similar language and sentence structure
- help reader understand original before critique or analysis
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Paraphrase
as long or longer than the original text and gives the writer the opportunity to interpret/explain the information in the original text
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How to paraprase
- understand original
- substitue with your own words
- change sentence structure
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Quotes
records the exact language used by someone in speech or writing
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Quote when
- wording is worth repeating
- want to cite known authority
- want to cite opinion to challenge, disagree, or place emphasis
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paraphrase when
source is complex and idea requires explanation
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summarize when
passages are long and the main point is important but not the details
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signal phrase
indicates to the reader what is your words and what the text has to say
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ethical integration of sources
- signal phrase
- in-text citation
- work cited entry
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work cited page parts
- heading
- bibliographical entry
- hanging indent
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critique-central questions
- to what extent does the author succeed in his or her purpose
- to what extent do you agree with the author
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evaluating informative writing
- accuracy of information
- significance of information
- fair interpretation if information
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evaluating persuasive writing
- clearly defined terms
- fair use of information
- logical argumentation
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evaluating entertainment writing
- is protagonist develped
- where does climax occur
- how is imagery used
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synthesis
- bring together two or more sources in dialogue
- draw on evidence to achieve a purpose
- informative synthesis
- argument synthesis
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Three Appeals of Argument
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Logos
- appeal to reason/thought
- deductive logic, assumption,evidence
- types:experimentation, examples, authority
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Ethos
- rational appeal
- credibility of the person writing
- tone of language tells if writer is credible
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Pathos
- non-rational appeal
- relies on emotion
- should not be used alone
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argument synthesis components
- provide background or information
- validating your claim through reasoning
- acknowledge opposition
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