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What are the four classes in the phylum protozoa?
- Ciliates
- Flagellates
- Amebas
- Sporozoans
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Which class in the protozoan phylum does the Coccidia species belong to?
Sporozoan
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Which class in the protozoan phylum does Toxoplasma belong to?
Sporozoan
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Which class in the protozoan phylum does Giardia belong to?
flagellate
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Which class in the protozoan phylum does Sarcoocystis neurona belong to?
sporozoan
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What are the two methods of protozoan reproduction?
- fusion- sexual
- fission- asexual; dividing
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How is a trophozoite different than an oocyst or a cyst?
- trophozoite: capable of feeding and movement
- oocyst: ova form, usually passed in feces, resistant.
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What animals harbor Eimeria type coccidia?
Ruminants, rabbits, birds, poultry
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What animals harbor Isospora type coccidia?
Dogs, cats, pigs, primates
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How long does it take for an oocyst to sporulate?
1 day- several days
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How does coccidia do harm to the host?
Damages small intestine. Cause bloody and muciod diarrhea.
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As few as _______ oocysts can cause death in the host in coccidia.
50,000
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Life cycle of coccidia:
- oocysts passed in feces
- oral ingestion
- enter GI tract
- trophozoite stage invade columnar epithelial cells in small intestine
- undergo fission
- transform into gametes
- undergo fusion
- form oocysts, pass in feces
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What does "self limiting" refer to in coccidia?
Animal rids itself of infection when all gametes form and make oocysts and are shed from the body.
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What is the TX for Coccidia?
- SULFONAMIDES
- Sulfadimethoxine
: Albon oral susp. Daily up to 21 days, most active against sexual stages. - Amprolium: Corid oral susp. Daily 7-12 days, effective on both stages.
- Ponazuril: Marquis, oral paste. Single dose, repeat 10-14 days, effective on both stages.
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What is the causitive agent of toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma gondii
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What is the most common way of ingestion of sporulated oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii?
Carnivorism
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Life Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
- Oral ingestion of sporulated oocyst
- infection in small intestine
- oocyst production: 20 days
- shed unsporulated oocysts for 2-3 weeks
- spoulate in 1-5 days
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True/ False: Clinical signs in cats with toxoplasmosis are typically minimal to none.
TRUE
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List ways humans can obtain toxoplasmosis.
- ingestion of undercooked meat
- ingestion of infected oocysts in soil (gardening, not washing veggies)
- ingestion of infective oocysts in cat feces (litterbox)
- blood transfusions, organ transplants
- raw goat milk
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What are the clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in the human fetus?
- Spontaneous abortion
- stillbirth
- premature birth
- can develop issues later (blindness, epilepsy, mental retardation)
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An increase in Toxoplasma gondii antibodies 2-3 weeks apart may indicate what in cats?
An active infection with Toxoplasmosis.
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TX for Toxoplasmosis
- Sulfadiazine
- Pyrimethamine (inhibit activity until AB levels build up)
- Doxycycline
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List ways to prevent Toxoplasmosis infection in humans:
- wash hands after handling meat
- thouroughly cook meat
- change litter box daily
- dont handle litter; wear gloves
- wear gloves while gardening
- thouroughly wash veggies
- cover sandboxes
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What equine disease is associated with Sarcocystis neurona?
EPM (Equine Protozoal Myoencephalitis)
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What is the definative host for Sarcocystis neurona?
opossum
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What three factors influence progression of EPM?
- number of organisms ingested
- period of infection before tx
- point on CNS localized and damaged
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True/ False: The horse is a paratenic host of Sarcocystis neurona?
TRUE
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What are some ways to prevent EPM?
- cover anything that could attract opossums
- clean water supply
- processed grain to kill oocytes
- max health through proper managment
- vaccine
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What lab tests can be used to diagnose EPM?
- Western Blot: detects AB, uses CSF or serum, indicates exposure
- PCR (polymerase chain rxn): detects antigen, CSF/serum, indicates presence BETTER
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TX for EPM
- SMZ-TMP + Daraprim: daily for 6 months
- Ponazuril: daily for 28 days
- TX does not repair CNS damage
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What percentage of dogs and cats harbor Giardia?
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Where does Giardia reside in the host?
Small intestine
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What are the clincal signs of a Giardia infection?
- asymptomatic
- cyclic, explosive diarrhea w/ mucus and blood, malodorus
- steatorrhea (fat in feces)
- dehydration
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How is Giardia diagnosed?
- clincial signs
- direct fecal exam: observe motility, stain to ID
- ZnSO4 centrifuged float
- antigen test- in house
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How is Giardia treated?
- Metronidazole (flagyl)
- Oral Tab
- not used in pregnant animals
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