Biology FInal

Characteristics of life

The study of life

scientific method (in order)

that group that lacks the independent variable

data with numbers

data with words

the changes that have occurred over many generations to create the world as we know it today

Biome: coldest, treeless, permafrost

Biome: cold, cone bearing trees called coniferous

Biome: Trees lose leaves in the fall, four seasons

Biome: mild, no tress (rain), grasses

Biome: Warm, trees

Biome: most productive, evergreens, moist

Biome: hot, cold, succulent

Biome: bog, marsh, swamp

ocean zone with sunlight, and photosynthesis

ocean zone without sunlight

all of the living and nonliving things in an area

all of the life in an area

group of individuals of the same species

a group of organisms of a single type that are capable of producing fertile offspring in the natural environment

relationship in which one species benefits and the other is not harmed or benefited

interaction in which both species benefit; both species get something out of the relationship

a relationship in which one organism is harmed while the other benefits

close interactions between organisms

consists of a predator and prey

how are photosynthesis and respiration related?

cycle: precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, condensation, groundwater

cycle: cellular respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition, carbon dioxide

what eat and absorb "waste" materials

growth of a community from scratch

growth of a community from leftovers

the first species to colonize a new habitat

the number of individuals a population contains

how crowded a population is

the spatial distribution of individuals within the population

survivorship curve: the likelihood of dying is small until late in life, when mortality

survivorship curve: the probability of dying does not change throughout life

survivorship curve: many organisms are very likely to die when young, has a good chance of surviving to old age

the distribution of individuals among different ages in a population

organisms that obtain their energy by taking in, consuming food from an outside source

organisms that obtain their energy by producing their own food

organisms who eat ptoducers

organisms that eat consumers

factors in an ecosystem that are not living

factors in an ecosystem that are living

the physical area in which an organism lives

the range of resources and conditions a species actually uses or can tolerate at optimal efficiency, smaller than a fundamental niche

the full range of conditions that a species
can tolerate and resources it can use

limit growth of a population

pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter

the simplest particle of an element

pure substance that is made up of atoms of two or more elements

a chemical structure composed of one or more atoms

periodic table designed and arranged by...

a bond formed by electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions

a bond that forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

a weak chemical bond between the hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negatively charged region of another molecule

which monomers make up carbohydrates

which monomers make up lipids

which monomers make proteins

which monomers make up nucleic acids

scale of bases and acids

sour and corrosive

bitter and slippery

a catalyst, usually a protein, in living systems

a chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction but is not a reactant

the cell theory:

prokaryotes or eukaryotes: do not have a nucleus

cell part: "gate keeper", selectively permeable, made of proteins and lipids

cell part: controls the cell, contains info, has chromatin/chromosomes

cell part: site of protein synthesis

cell part: rough, the molecule highway; smooth, site of lipid sunthesis

cell part: processes, packages, and secretes

cell part: powerhouse of the cell

cell part: support for the cell and organelles

cell part: break down and remove foreign material or digest food particles

cell part: build the spindle for cell division

in diffusion moving down the concentration gradient happens, what is the result?

process of a cell engulfing large amounts of material

expelling large amounts of materials

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

diffusion of water

when there is a higher concentration inside and lower concentration outside, cell drains

opposite of hypertonic, cell fills and could burst (swells)

water moves evenly and continuous

movement of molecules in/out of cell without energy

movement of molecules with the use of energy

use carrier proteins

the conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compound

the process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds

uses thylakoids, known as light reaction

uses stroma, known as dark reactions

a process in chloroplasts and mitochondria in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP

the process by which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid

the process by which pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol; the anaerobic action of yeast on sugars

respiration with oxygen

respiration without oxygen

what is the final electron acceptor in respiration?

the production of offspring that does not involve the union of gametes

thew production of offspring from the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms

a chromosome that determines sex

a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

an asexual cell division of prokaryotes that produces identical offspring

mitosis: chromatin is coiled to form chromosomes, centrosomes appear, spindle is forming, nuclear envelope and nucleus disaapear, longest phase of mitosis

mitosis: centrosomes are at poles, spindle formed, spindle fibers are attched to chromosomes, chromosomes lined up equator

mitosis: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of cell, centrosomes split

mitosis: nuclear envelope and nucleus appear, chromatids uncoil to form chromatin, spindle breaks apart, centrosomes/ centrioles, disappearring, cytokinesis

mitosis: final pinching of the cytoplasm to form two cells

animal or plant cells: cleavage furrow

animal or plant cell: cell plate

preparation for and lead up to cell division, cell divides

meiosis: centrosomes appear, spindle forming, chromatin coils to form chromosomes, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, synapsis of homologous chromosomes, crossing over may occur

meiosis: random alignment of tetrads on equator, spindle fiber attaches to chromosomes

meiosis: each whole chromosome is pulled to a pole, tetrads split

meiosis: nucleus/ nucleolus may or may not appear, whole chromosomes at poles, cytokinesis begins, 2 new haploid cells

meiosis II: same, but without DNA replication

meiosis II: centrosomes appear, spindle forming, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear

meiosis II: chromosomes on equator, spindle attaches to chromatids

meiosis II: chromatids are pulled to the poles

meiosis II: centrosomes disappear, spindle breaks down, nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear, cytokinesis II begins

spermatogenesis occurs in....

oogenesis occurs in...

hereditary information in the form of a large molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid

a nucleic acid composed of a single strand and distinguished from DNA by containing ribose and uracil

who designed the double helix?

base pairing in DNA

base pairing in RNA

split DNA molecule by breaking H-bonds

build new DNA strands by Attaching nucleotides

process of copying the message stored in DNA and RNA

building of a protein using info on RNA

an allele that makes the presence of another

an allele that is masked by the presence of another

a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a certain protein/trait

an alternative form of a gene

both alleles are the same

the alleles of the organism are different

when any allele of the pair is dominant and the other is recessive

there is no dominant or recessive allele, when both alleles are together (heterozygous individual) you see an inheritance or blend of traits

when you have 2 different alleles together you see a phenotype that shows both traits at the same time

more than two alleles

traits that are controlled by more than one gene

traits that are linked to the X or Y (sex) chromosomes

genetic makeup of an organism

physical characteristics based on genotype

the field of biology that studies the transmission of traits from parents to offspring

the transmission of traits from parents to offspring

the six kingdoms

biological hierarchy

a system of naming organisms that uses the genus mane and a species identifier

how are species name written

the science of grouping organisms according to their presumed evolutionary relationships

transports water and nutrients from the soil up into the plant

transports food (glucose) around the plant

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower of the same species

This cavity surrounds the gut, may contain various other organs

without a coelom or body cavity; an animal lacking a body cavity

Animals that have a body cavity that is in direct contact with the outer muscular layer of the body and does not arise by splitting of the mesoderm

In animals, refers to organisms with their body parts arranged around a central axis

In animals, refers to those that have a single axis of symmetry

A hard, jointed, external covering that encloses the muscles and organs of an organism

The sessile form of life history in cnidarian

The motile bell-shaped form of body plan in cnidarians

In chordates, a cellular rod that runs the length of the body and provides dorsal support

The segments of the spinal column

A stiff hair, bristle, or bristlelike process or part on an organism.

To shed periodically part or all of a coat or an outer covering, such as feathers, cuticle, or skin, which is then replaced by a new growth

A system of water-filled canals derived from the coelom that connects the tube feet of echinoderms

in most multicellular organisms, a group of similar cells that carry out a common function

several types of body tissues that together perform a function

a group of organs that interact to perfrom a set of related tasks