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Define ingestion.
food ENTERS mouth
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Define digestion.
ingested food broken down into parts to be absorbed
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Define absorption.
digested food (nutrients) enter bloodstream
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Define elimination.
undigested food removed from body
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Peristalsis
wave-like muscle movement that moves food down
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What is the GI tract AKA?
alimentary canal, digestive tract
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What are the ACCESSORY organs of the GI system?
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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What kind of cells does the mucosa have?
Goblet cells and microvilli in small intestine
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connective tissue below mucosa full of blood vessels and nerves
submucosa
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smooth muscle that mixes food with digestive juices and propels in through system
muscularis
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serous membrane that forms peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity
serosa
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function of the parietal peritoneum
lines abdominopelvic cavity
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function of the visceral peritoneum
covers organs in cavity
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What is the mesentery?
posterior abdominal wall to small intestine
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Saliva contains an enzyme called ________ ___________ that begins chemical digestion.
salivary amylase
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oral cavity structures (5)
tongue, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, uvula
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Where is the lesser omentum?
between the stomach and liver
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What is the mesocolon?
posterior abdominal wall to colon
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This is the lower border of the stomach that loops back up to the transverse colon.
greater omentum
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The reception of food by ingestion that is broken into smaller particles by chewing
mastication
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What is used during mastication?
tongue, teeth, lips
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mastication is a part of ___________ digestion.
mechanical
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What enzyme starts chemical digestion?
salivary amylase
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This is the only voluntary part of digestion and is when food moves toward throat for swallowing.
deglutination
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Define bolus.
ball-like mass of food that is moved and passed into pharynx
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This covers the trachea to keep food out of the resp. tract.
epiglottis
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how many deciduous teeth do we have?
20 (baby teeth)
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How many permanent teeth do we have?
32 (adult teeth)
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Three parts of pharynx.
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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Is swallowing voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
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This is the 10-inch muscular tube that connects laryngopharynx to stomach.
esophagus
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The esophagus passes through this hole in the diaphragm before it enters to stomach.
esophageal hiatus
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This structure helps to lubricate food and moves in downward (with the help of gravity) and peristalsis.
esophagus
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This J-shaped organ is in the LUQ and has three divisions.
stomach
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What are the three divisions of the stomach? Differentiate between them.
Fundus: upper part
Body: greater curvature and lesser curtature
Pylorus: lower part
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This is the innermost layer of mucous membrane that lies in folds in the stomach
rugae
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This sphincter is between the esophagus and stomach
cardiac/esophageal sphincter
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This sphincter is between the stomach and the small intestine.
pyloric sphincter
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What two types of digestion occur in the stomach?
mechanical digestion and chemical digestion
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this occurs when cells secrete substances that mix to form gastric juice
chemical digestion
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as a result of mechanical and chemical digestion, the stomach forms _____.
chyme
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highly acidic semi-liquid material (food + gastric juice)
chyme
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This makes up the longest section of the GI tract
small intestine
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how long is the small intestine?
20 feet
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The three divisions of the small intestine:
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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Most of the digestion in this system occurs where?
in the small intestine
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Amylase function
chemical digestion of starches/carbs to sugar
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Peptidase function, and what is is called?
Trypsin; chemical digestion of proteins to amino acids
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Lipase function
chemical digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol
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Nuclease function
chemical digestion of nucleic acids
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Most absorption of digested food and water occurs in the ?
small intestine
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These two things increase area for absorption in the small intestine. They also contain blood vessels to absorb digested nutrients and lacteals to absorb digested fat
villi and microvilli
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This organ begins in the RUQ, is 5 feet long, and 2.5 inches in diameter
large intestine
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This organ is 20 feet long and is 1 inch in diameter.
small intestine
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6 parts of the large intestine:
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
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Define defacation.
when voluntary sphincter relaxes and you are able to pass waste
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This organ secretes mucus but no digestive enzymes.
Large intestine
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This organ reabsorbs water from feces and stores undigested food.
large intestine
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This accessory organ produces saliva, and its glands empty into the mouth through ducts.
salivary glands
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Three types of salivary glands and their locations:
Parotid glands (near ear)
Submandibular or submaxillary glands (lower jaw)
Sublingual glands (under tongue)
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4 functions of saliva:
moistens food
secretes salivary amylase (begins chem. digestion)
keeps teeth clean
Contains antibodies and enzyme lysozyme to control bacteria in mouth
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muscular sac below liver that stores bile
gallbladder
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this organ produces bile
liver
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this liquid contains salt to emulsify fat so it can be absorbed
bile
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this organ stores glucose as glycogen
liver
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Bile travels from the liver through the _____ _________ duct then upward towards the gallbladder through the _______ duct.
common hepatic duct; cystic duct
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This organ forms blood plasma proteins, destroys worn out RBCs, creates urea as waste product of protein metabolism, and detoxifies harmful substances from blood (alcohol and drugs)
liver
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This is the organ that secretes digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate into small intestine to neutralize acidic chyme.
pancreas
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4 exocrine secretions of the pancreas:
Pancreatic amylase (chem digestion of starches/carbs)
Pancreatic Trypsin (chem digestion of proteins)
Pancreatic lipase (chem digestion of fat)
Nuclease (chem digestion of nucleic acids)
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