TERMS EMERGENCE OF NATION STATE

Emperor of Russia (1825-1855), King of Poland, paternal autocrat

Sig: Most reactionary of Russian monarchs

Emperor of Russia (1855-1881), King of Poland, “Alexander the Liberator”

Sig:Emancipation of the serfs in 1861

First President of the French Republic (1848-1852), ruler of Second French Empire (1852-1870) - First titular president, last monarch of France

Sig:Instituted foreign policy that abandoned limitations imposed on France since Concert of Europe and reasserted French influence in Europe. Supported nationalism and popular sovereignty, opposed reactionary policy

• King of Piedmont-Sardinia (1831-1849) during Risorgimento movement for unification of Italy, believed in divine right but viewed self as popular liberator of Italy
• Sig: Abdicated after Austria defeated his forces as the Battle of Novara in 1849, accelerated social and economic development

King of Prussia (1861-1888) and First German Emperor (1871-1888)

Sig: Unification of Germany and establishment of German Empire

Russian statesman and respected, influential diplomat, state chancellor of Russian Empire (1863-1883)

Sig: Promoted Dreikaiserbund, an alliance between Alexander II of Russia, Wilhelm I of Germany, Joseph I of Austria-Hungary

Emperor of Austria-Hungary (1848-1916), President of German Confederation (1850-1866)

Sig: Reactionary, resisted constitutionalism in early reign, troubled by nationalism

Founder of original Liberal Party, Prime Minister of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (1852-1861)

Sig: Leader in Risorgimento movement toward Italian unification

Conservative German statesman, unified most of German states into German Empire under Prussian leadership. Called on by King William. 

Sig: Unification of Germany created balance of power which preserved European peace from 1871 to 1914

German Field Marshal, chief of staff of Prussian Army for 30 years (1822-1888)

Sig: Great strategist of latter 19th century, creator of more modern method of directing armies in the field

Russian writer and thinker, father of Russian socialism and agrarian populism

Sig: Created political climate that led to the emancipation of the serfs in 1861

(Frederick III) German Emperor and King of Prussia for 99 days in 1888, the Year of the Three Emperors

Sig:Liberal ideology despite conservative family background, humane conduct, sought greater representation for commoners in gov

Prussian soldier and statesman, Minister of War (1859-1873), conservative and reactionary supporter of monarchy

Sig: Improved efficiency of army, unification of Germany under Prussian leadership

French General and a Marshal of France (1831-1873)

Sig: Surrendered last organized French army to Prussians during Franco-Prussian war

Marshal of France, Chief of State (1873-1875), president of the Third Republic (1875-1879)

Sig: Commanded I and V French Corps on Rhine Army’s Southern line in Franco Prussian War

Social reformer and statistician, founder of modern nursing, served during Crimean War where she made rounds at night

Sig: Opened secular nursing school, improved healthcare + work opportunity for women

(Mikhail Bakunin) Russian anarchist, philosopher, revolutionary 

Sig: Father of anarchist theory

Prussian candidate for Spanish throne after Spanish Revolution of 1868 – supported by Otto von Bismarck but not Napoleon III – declined offer

Sig: Ems Telegram provoked the French into declaring Franco-Prussian war after Leopold declined the throne

French diplomat

Sig: Instigation of Franco-Prussian war – instructed to present King of Prussia in Ems with the French demands – misinformation led both countries to believe the other had insulted them, instigating the war.

Emperor of Russia (1881-1894)

Sig: Reversed some liberal measures of father Alexander II

Russian statesman, General of Cavalry

Sig: Policy of cooperation with liberals in attempt to restore order, strict with revolutionaries.Conservators dismissed his work as a step toward constitution at Council of Ministers 1811

King of Sardinia 1849-1861, King of Italy 1861-1878

Sig: First king of united Italy, Father of the Homeland

Prussian-German socialist

Sig: Establishment of social sciences and socialist movement, basis for understanding of labor in relation to capital – The Communist Manifesto

German social scientist, father of Marxist theory

Sig: The Condition of the Working Class in England, perpetuator of socialism

Settled Crimean War between Russia and {Ottoman, British, French, Sardinia}

Sig: Made Black Sea neutral territory, marked setback to Russian influence

Secret pact between France and Sardinia

Sig: France required to provide Sardinia w/military aid for liberation of Lombardy and Venice from Austria and creation of northern Italian state

Italian unification movement of 19th century

Sig: Led by Cavour, manifestation of nationalism

Message from Prussian king Wilhelm I’s site to Bismarck – reported demands made by French ambassador Bendetti

Sig: Caused France to declare Franco-Prussian War 1870

June 4, 1859 during Second Italian War of Independence

Sig: French, Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against Austrians under Gyulai

July 3, 1866 – decisive battle in Austro-Prussian War

Sig: Kingdom of Prussia defeated Austrian Empire

Formed in 11th century in Savoy region

Sig: Grew to rule unified Kingdom of Italy 1861 to end of WWII

Lesser Germany

Sig: Sought to unify northern German states without Austria – promoted by Prussia

Greater Germany

Sig: Favored unifying all German-speaking people under one state – promoted by Austrian Empire

German customs union – union of German states formed to manage customs and economic policy – established 1834

Sig: Created national economic unity, promoted internal trade

June 24, 1859 – victory of allied French under Napoleon III and Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II over Austria under Franz Joseph I

Sig: Decisive battle of Second Italian War of Independence – nationalist struggle to unify Italy

September 1, 1870 – during Franco-Prussian War

Sig: Resulted in capture of Napoleon II, decided the war in favor of Prussia

August-October 1870 during Franco Prussian War

Sig: Decisive Prussian victory – French Marshal Bazaine with MacMahon as reinforcement

Peace treaty October 1864 between Austria, Prussia, Denmark

Sig: Ended Second War of Schleswig – Prussia got Schleswig, Austria got Holstein

Legislative body represented 16 Lander at federal level

Sig: Laws affecting state and constitutional changes – required consent of body – King of Prussia was President of the council

Conflict over succession and administration of Schleswig and Holstein 

Sig: Enabled Prussian Bismarck to dominate formation of modern state of Germany

Peace treaty ended Austro-Prussian War

Parts of Alsace and Lorraine ceded to Germany from France

Legislative assembly lower house (1871-1918) representing the people in Northern German Confederation and German Empire

Sig: Representation of the people, legislation shared between Reichstag and Bundesrat

First modern German nation state, founded 1815

Sig: Basis for German Empire, unification of Germany

Austrian bicameral parliament (1867-1918)

Sig: Upper house of parliament

Russian General in World War I. Successful commander and viceroy in the Caucasus.

Local government during great liberal reforms in Imperial Russia by Alexander II – put into effect 1864

Sig: Allowed greater population more say in administration of parts of their lives

Government which ruled Paris March 18 to May 28 1871

Sig: Served as local authority, first assumption of power by working class

Republican government of France 1870-1940

Sig: Republican government triumphant over monarchy

1861 – Russia – emancipation of serfs on private estates

Sig: First and most liberal reform of Alexander II – over 23 million freed

Hohenzollerns ruled united Germany 1871-1919

Sig: Created by Bismarck, German unification

Emperor of German Empire

Sig: Gained negative connotations after application to Wilhelm II in WWII

Compromise between Austria and Hungary – one monarch ruled both separate kingdoms, which were otherwise separate

Sig: Established dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, reestablished sovereignty of Hungary – separate from Austrian Empire

Cultural assimilation process by which non-Russian communities give up culture and adopt Russian one

Sig: Led to russianisms and disappearance of cultures

Speech by Bismarck in 1862 about unification of German territories

Sig: Stressed need for military preparedness – used effective war in unification and expansion of Germany

German policies in relation to secularity and influence of Roman Catholic Church (1871-1878) by Bismarck

Sig: Made Catholics feel persecuted in a predominantly Protestant nation – Bismarck sought to appeal to liberals and protestants by reducing influence of Catholic Church

Philosophical doctrine suggesting meaninglessness of life

Sig: Characterized rationalism – all rationalist theory should be replaced by faith – Nihilist movement in Russia (nothing that existed was favorable)

State founded in 1861 when King Emmanuel II of Sardinia proclaimed King of Italy

Sig: Result of unification of Italy

Illegal Russian revolutionary organization, active 1870s, headed by Executive Committee 

Sig: Assassinated Alexander II, peasant-oriented socialist movement

Office created 1826 by Nicholas I to conduct secret police operations

Sig: Repressive – arrested Populists 1870s, gathered info on political dissidents

Term of Emancipation Reform of 1861 in which serfs must pay landowner for portion of land in series of payments

Sig: Reduced potential self-sufficiency of peasants

Peasant communities in Imperial Russia

Sig: Majority peasants held land in communal ownership – practical economically for peasants to pay taxes and ensure land

• (1853-1856) – Russia vs {French, British, Ottoman, Sardinia}
• Who should protect Christian shrines

Sig: Long-running contest for influence in territories of declining Ottoman empire, one of first modern wars – Florence Nightingale

Economic and sociopolitical method based on materialist interpretation of historical development

Sig: Marx and Engels – class conflict within capitalism stems from contradictions between proletariat and surplus profit of bourgeoisie

Socialist thought of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen – regarded as naïve and fanciful

Sig: Inspired work of Marx and early socialists – wanted to expand principles of French Revolution to create rational society and economic system

Political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty, equality, justice – rejected divine right, hereditary privilege

Sig: Prompted revolutions including French Revolution, demanded representative government – laissez faire

Political/social philosophy promotes retaining traditional institutions

Sig: Opposed liberalism

Artistic, literary, intellectual movement partially as reaction to Industrial Revolution, Age of Enlightenment, rationalization of nature

Sig: Impacted liberalism, radicalism, growth of nationalism

Strong identification of individuals with a nation

Sig: Intensified push for popular sovereignty which surfaced in French and American Revolutions

Signed July 1859 by France and Austria – ended Austro-Franco-Sardinian war of Italian War of Independence

Sig: Austria lost Lombardy to Emmanuel II, restoring kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

Treaty signed in Austria

Sig: Agreements between powers ofGerman Confederation: Prussia and Austria over governing Schleswig, Holstein, Saxe-Lauenburg – Benefited Prussia, but did not ease Austro-Prussian rivalry