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witan
German chief's small advisory council
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Mayor of the Palace
- had real power in kingdom
- managed palace, supervised land, distributed lan to followers
- power allowed them to build aristocracy loyal to them
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Alcuin of York
on of the most famous scholars who taught at Charlemagne's school
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Feudalism
- society based on obligations
- loosely organized system of gov. where local lords governed own lands but owed military service to greater lords
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Investiture
selection and apptment of clergy by secular rulers
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Vassal
lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to greater lord
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Liege lord
first and foremost lord a vassal owed loyalty to
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Canon law
Church's special body of laws
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Simony
selling of church offices
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Wergild
- man's worth
- settled fights thru bloodshed & revenge/ paying $
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Charles Martel
- first really powerful Mayor of the Palace
- defeated Muslims in Battle of Tours
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Donations of Peping
Papal States given to Pope by Pepin
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Carolingian Miniscule
capital and lower case developed
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Manorialism
Landlords and peasants' obligations to each other
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Fief
land granted by lord to vassal in exchange for loyalty and service
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Tenant-in-Chief
servant who manages palace for lord
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Benedictine Rule
- Benedict came up with three rules
- 1)Obedience
- 2)Poverty
- 3)Chastity/ purity
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Excommunication
exclusion from the Church as penalty for refusing to obey Church laws
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Dominicans/ Franciscans
- Dominicans= monks, isolated, copied books
- Franciscans= friars, travelled, preached
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Guild
- Merchant/ artisan groups
- passed laws and levied tax
- provided specific service
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Franks
- united by Clovis
- converted to Christianity under Clovis
- had ties to Catholic Church
- became Germans
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Battle of Tours
- 732- Charles Martel defeated Muslim advance to Europe
- preserved Christian Europe
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Charlemagne
- crowned emperor of Romans by Leo III
- began calling selves Holy Roman Empire
- confirmed alliance btwn Pope and Franks
- wanted to educate people
- invited scholars to teach in his school
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Carolingian Renaissance
- Charlemagne invited scholars to palace
- Church was corrupt and didn't do jobs well, Charlemagne tried to reform this
- different variations in languages
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Fealty
Feudal obligation where vassal was faithful to lord
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Demesne
all land belonging to lord
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Serf
peasant bound to lord's land
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papal supremacy
Pope had power over all secular rulers
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Interdict
excommunication of entire areas
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Agricultural Revolution
- new tech. and procedures
- three field system
- iron instead of wooden plows
- new horse harnesses
- windmills
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Clovis
- unified Franks
- converted Franks to Christianity
- tied Franks to Catholic church
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Pepin the Short
- ended Merovingian rule and began Carolingian rule
- sent delegation to Pope to become king
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Missi Dominici
- travelling inspectors
- investigated officials
- listened to complaints
- published imperial edicts
- reported to emperor
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Treaty of Verdun
Louis the Pious sons divide Charlemagne's empire
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Homage
Ceremony where vassal pledged loyalty
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Lord
owns vassals and gives them land for loyalty and service
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Caesaropapism
king has more power than Pope
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Gregory VII
- extended Clunaic reforms to entire church
- outlawed priest marriage
- stopped simony
- stopped investiture
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Three Field System
- 1- grain
- 2- legumes
- 3- unplanted
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