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humanism
Renaissance movement that focused on worldly instead of religious subjects
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Pico della Mirandola
wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man
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Medici/ Sforza
- wealthy patron families
- Sforza- Milan
- Medici- Florence
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Martin Luther
- born in Germany
- searched Scriptures for washing away sins and proving worthiness
- realized you just had to believe
- excommunicated by Pope Leo X
- called by Charles V to recant his words
- protected by Frederick the Elector
- teachings led to Peasant's Revolt but he suppressed it
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Lutheranism
- justification by faith alone (sola fide)
- authority rests only in Bible (sola scriptura)
- everyone who believed had personal communication with God
- church is made up of all believers
- only sacraments needed were baptism and eucharist
- consubstantiation (bread and wine undergo spiritual not physical change)church focused on sermon and uses German
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Catholicism
- justification comes from faith/good works and sacraments
- authority comes from Bible, church teachings, and papal and conciliar doctrine
- clergy needed to communicate with God
- church is only clergy
- need 7 sacraments
- transubstantiation (bread and wine actually physically change)
- church services focused on rituals and use Latin
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Augsberg Confession
Luther's beliefs he set up
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priesthood of all believers
everyone had personal relationship with God
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John Knox
- studied under Calvin
- introduced Presbyterian- emphasis on preaching and priests
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Inquisition
Pope Paul III rooted out all heretics
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Machiavelli
- wrote the Prince
- not concerned with morals only if its politically effective
- rulers must seem to be honest, merciful, and trustworthy
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Indulgences
pardon people paid for to erase sins and go to heaven instead of purgatory
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Henry VIII
- wanted to divorce current wife for Anne Boleyn
- needed an annulment but Pope said no b/c:
- depended on HRE for protection of papal states who was Catherine's nephew
- he would be admitting papacy was wrong which would give Luther an advantage
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Henry VIII's Acts as a result of Pope's denial of annulment
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Act of Restraint of Appeals = established crown at highest legal authority in land
- Act of Submission of Clergy = required clergy to submit to king and prevented church law without the king’s approval
- Act of Supremacy = king is head of English Church (Anglican Church); monarchy controlled church in doctrine appointments and revenue
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Individualism
- strongest motif for artists in the Renaissance
- thirst for fame
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Index
books Catholics weren't allowed to read
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Castiglione
- wrote the Courtier
- about ideal man and woman
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l'uomo universale
the idea of the perfect man
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Christian humanism
- northern humanists stressed biblical and early Christian themes
- man is basically good and capable of redemption through education
- to change society must change individuals who make up society
- stressed simple religion based on teachings of Jesus that had been corrupted by formality and rituals of the Church
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Johann Tetzel
monk who began selling indulgences in Germany
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Peace of Augsburg
- princes could choose what religion for his domain
- people had to convert to what prince chose or go
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Counter Reformation
- Catholicism spread and became more like old Catholicism
- Protestant tide was slowed down
- Jesuits were founded
- Index and Inquisition formed
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Council of Trent
- made scripture and tradition equal
- only church interprets scripture
- faith and works
- all 7 sacraments
- transubstantiation
- celibacy
- purgatory and indulgences
- established theological seminaries; priests had to exhibit genuine calling to office
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Petrarch
- father of humanism
- obsession with recovering texts
- believed that only by restoring mastery of spoken and written language could be truly replicate the virtuous life
- credited with “inventing” modern concept of individual
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Patron
person who provides financial support for the arts
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Erasmus
- was most prominent Christian humanist
- major work is The Praise of Folly
- themes in his works:
- education is means to reform
- the philosophy of Christ
- desire for reform within the Church was quickly overwhelmed by passion of Reformation; strongly disagreed with Luther and Protestant reformers
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Johannes Gutenberg
- invented movable printing press
- increased literacy
- more propaganda
- allowed unification easily
- lessened dependence on clergy
- allowed info to spread quickly
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95 Theses
95 Things Luther found wrong/ corrupt with the church
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John Calvin
- influenced by Luther’s writings in Geneva, Switzerland = wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion
- focused primarily on absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and total weakness of humanity
- main belief was predestination (no free will; people can’t work to achieve salvation, God has already decided who is to be and who will not)
- 3 tests to indicate possible salvation
- 1)open profession of faith
- 2)decent and godly life
- 3)participation in baptism and communion
- predestination served as energizing force allowing person to undergo hardships
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Loyola/ Jesuits
- Society of Jesus
- founded by Ignatius Loyola
- specifically formed to stop spread of Protestant reforms
- absolute obedience to Pope
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