Regulatory Medicine

• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) - a part of USDA
• Veterinary Services (VS) - a part of APHIS

• Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS)
• Division of Animal Industry Services - a part of VDACS

state regulated

a federally accredited veterinarian (not every veterinarian is accredited)

permanent individual identification

• tattoo
• metal ear tag
• branding
• markings
• ear notching

• brucellosis
• tuberculosis
• pseudorabies
• equine infectious anemia

Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - the state vet

• Brucella spp. bacteria
• Brucella abortis in cattle is the most common

• cattle
• bison
• buffalo
• goats
• sheep
• elk
• horses
• pigs
• dogs

yes, causes undulant fever or Malta fever in humans

yes, which means there have not been any reported cases within 1 year in domestic cattle

Texas

• Cooperative State-Federal Eradication program
• 1934

reproductive system

• females:  abortions, infertility, weak calves, retained placenta, poor milk production
• males:  orchitis, epididymitis
• in both:  weight loss, occasionally arthritis

• direct contact with infected animals or contaminated food - not very aerosolized
• shed in the reproductive secretions and in milk and urine
• by sexual contact or if an animal sniffs another animals rear end that has the disease

• ingesting unpasteurized milk
• through open wounds by not wearing OB gloves

• milk ring test (not really done anymore)
• antibody titers in serum 
• culture of affected tissues to confirm a positive antibody titer test

• vaccination
• surveillance tests - test and slaughter

• exercise caution when coming into contact with potentially infected tissues
• wear OB sleeves and don't consume unpasteurized dairy products

• replacement heifers 4 - 12 months of age (best to do it 4 - 6 months of age)
• want to vaccinate prebreeding to create an immune response before breeding

RB51 because it is a live vaccine, has less reactions

it will cause orchitis and epididymitis because it is a live vaccine

• must have a bangs tattoo in the right ear and then have one of the following...
• orange numbered metal tag for initial vaccinates
• silver metal tags
• individual tattoo
• individual brand

• Mycobacterium spp. bacteria
• M. bovis, M. avium, M. tuberculosis are the most common

• M. bovis:  all warm blooded vertebrates
• M. avium:  all birds, cattle, pigs
• M. tuberculosis:  primarily humans but also cattle, pigs and dogs

• Cooperative State-Federal Eradication program
• 1917

• as of December 2007 - 47 states are considered TB free (no confirmed cases in the last 5 years)
• NM, MI, MN have sporadic positive cases

respiratory and lymphatic

none to subtle (weight loss, poor doers, etc) to more severe (coughing, swollen lymph nodes, etc)

• respiratory secretions primarily
• but can also get through milk
• therefore, inhalation or ingestion by other animals including humans

• intradermal tuberculin test - inject 0.1 ml of tuberculin int he caudal tail fold, recheck for reaction in 72 hours (look for knots)
• culture and identification to confirm

• maintain closed herds or obtain animals from TB free herds
• surveillance testing - test and slaughter
• no vaccine available

use common sense and don't consume unpasteurized dairy products

equine infectious anemia virus, a lentivirus similar to HIV but not zoonotic

members of the equidae family

1888

• 120 cases
• none in virginia

$34 million

hemolymphatic

• acute stage:  ranging from just a mild short lived fever to severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, liver failure, and DIC
• chronic stage:  periodtic fever, weight loss, lethargy, anemia, thrombocytopenia
• unapparent carriers:  quite common and necessitates routine testing of all equines

blood from horse to horse:  biting arthropods such as horse flies, deer flies, and mosquites, use of needles on multiple animals, blood transfusions, transplacental

• agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test is considered the gold standard and the true Coggins test - get results in about 3 days
• ELISA test - get results in 1 day, but more expensive

• no vaccine available
• vector control and utilize common sense with clinical practice (do use the same needle on multiple horses)

euthanized or be quarantined in an arthropod proof stall for the rest of its life

pseudorabies virus (PRV), a herpes virus

primarily swine but occasionally cattle, horses, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, and some wild animals

no

• CNS in young piglets
• respiratory in nursery pigs
• reproductive in sow

• depends on the individual affected
• tremors, ataxia, paddling, "mad itch:
• fever and consistent with pneumonia
• abortions, stillbirths

• direct contact, fomites, aerosolization
• makes biosecurity in swine operations crucial
• latent infections exist

highly contagious

• many tests available including virus isolation and serologic tests
• an ELISA or LA test is used most often to screen large numbers of animals but any positive results are confirmed with other tests due to the potential for false positives

requires a relatively large volume of blood necessitating the use of the anterior vena cava

• routine testing - test and slaughter
• biosecurity - all pigs in and all pigs slaughtered at the same time, then a full sterilization of the facility before more pigs come in
• vaccine does exist but is regulated in it's use depending on current status of herd and state

slaughter them

interstate movement

• small animals
• domestic livestock (other than equine) and bison
• equine

research the requirements for that country