plants and people final

• height (same height, short,strong stature)
• Controlling lodging
• Inhibit shattering 
• synchrony of tiller formation
• selection for elimination of branching
• easy-threshing

synchrony of tiller formation allows seeds to grow and mature around the same time

• eliminates problem of lodging ESPECIALLY in the wet lands
• lodging wrecks crops
• intense selection for dwarf varieties and stlk strength increased cultivation

• evolutionarily, inflorescences shattered easily to spread seeds once plant matured 
• mutations allows a selection for non-shattering plants which increased yields from collecting

• threshing used to have to be done by hand
• domestication made grains loosely enclosed by bracts allowing easy removal

• bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into the plant tissues as ammonia
• increase growth 
• crop rotation with legumes replenish soil

• legumes are rich in proteins (but lack in sulfur-rich amino acids)
• have stachylose

• a sugar molecule from legumes
• in the intestines, gut bacteria digest it and produce CO2 and H2S

• domestication caused polypliodity
• polyploidity brought an increase of gluten content (gluten protein)

Barley

2 row and 6 row

• Buckwheat 
• Quinoa

nitrates or ammonia in the soil

Rhizobium (and allies) fix atmospheric nitrogen gas inside plant tissues, releasing ammonia for the plant to use

soybean

Most abundant legume crop

Balanced Amino Acids

Rich in Protein

Huge array of foodstuffs

Filler in processed (and sliced!) meats

• a monocot has disordered stem structure
• a dicot has concentrically organized vascular bundles

superficial

deep

middle of dicots

Xylem

• Transpirational pull
• Root pressure (osmosis)

movement of water upwards is created by adhesion of water molecules and the xylem wall, the action provides a force that establishes equilibrium with gravity and transpiration

carries organic nutrients