Nutrition Test 4

Definition of ASH

How do you determine ASH?

Ash contains what essential minerals?

Excessive ash content has been implicated in

Calcium & Phosphorus are necessary for

What is the proper ratio of calcium and phosphorus is necessary to achieve normal growth and development?

Calcium & Phosphorus are important in what situtations?
You must wait until __________ before supplementing calcium

Bone is composed of a bone matrix containing

Define Cartilage

Define epiphysis

When growth is complete the epiphyseal junction is replaced by calcified bone. This
occurs at about ______ and is called the

Epiphysis closes on Cats & small dogs around Large Dogs

Phosphorus from animal sources is ____ while phosphorus from plant sources is _____.

What is an excellent source of calcium and phosphorus to pets

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSH) results in

List the disease associated with animals who are fed an all meat diet during their growth stage which results in weight-bearing skeletal deformities and folding or compression fractures.

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSH) occurs in what animals?
What are the results?

List the disease that affects young, rapidly growing large or giant breed dogs with symptoms of soft tissue swelling around the distal radius, ulna and tibia.

Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
Affects:
Symptoms:

List the condition associated with a small acetabulum, a misshapen femoral head that results in lameness and pain in the joint.

Canine Hip Dysplasia – 
Thought to be a genetic problem manifested by 
Symptoms:

What organization screens and rates hip dysplasia?

What breed of dog has the most occurrences of Hip dysplasia?

List the disease that affects pen-fed young bulls with symptoms of sudden lameness and  atrophy of the hip and hind limb muscles

Degenerative Joint Disease
Affects: 
Symptoms:
Thought to be _____ but can be made worse by a diet ____ in phosphorous and ___in calcium

Rickets (Osteomalacia) 
Affects:
Cause:

List 2 diseases associated with soft bones

Define Parturient Paresis

List 2 diseases associated with cattle following calving.
Symptom:

List the disease associated with calcium deficiency in dogs at time of birth

List the disease associated with calcium deficiency in Mares at time of birth

Treatment for Parturient Paresis is 
If treatment listed doesn't work it could be

List 3 Hormonal Influences on Calcium and Phosphorus Absorption

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is produced by the parathyroid gland and is necessary for

Calcitonin is produced by the ______ and it inhibits _____________.

Vitamin D - appears to function more as a _____ than a vitamin.
Promotes: 
Sources of Vit D:

Calcium absorption occurs in the

Magnesium is used in many fundamental ___________, especially the use of _______ and _______ for energy

Magnesium absorption occurs in the

What affects magnesium absorption?

List the deficiency associated with puppies that causes depression, incoordination & muscular weakness, hyperextension and droopiness of the ears and tail.

Magnesium deficiencies in puppies has been shown to cause:

What might affect magnesium deficiency?

List the deficiency that is associated with cats that causes muscular weakness, hyperirritability, convulsions, reduced food intake and poor growth.

Magnesium deficiency in cats exhibited:

FLUTD
Affects: 
Signs:

FLUTD
Diagnosis:
Treatment:
Preventative measures:

If a cat has had FUS/FLUTD 4 or more times they may perform a

Hip Dysplasia in dogs 
Symptoms: 
Diagnosis:

Hip Dysplasia
Treatment: 
Phase 1 – Age __________ to ______
Treatment

Hip Dysplasia
Surgical Treatment: 
Preventative surgeries:

Hip Dysplasia is common in what breeds?

Hypomagnesemia AKA 
Occurs in:
Signs: 
Treatment:

List the minerals that serve as fluid regulators

SODIUM, CHLORIDE & POTASSIUM are necessary minerals that serve as _______.  They help to maintain the _______________.  These are commonly known as __________.

Fluid normally given in emergency situations is 
Another common electrolyte that can be given is

Function of Sodium 
Excess sodium is excreted by the

Function of Chloride
Chloride is excreted in the

Causes of Sodium Chloride NaCl deficiency:

Fatigue, exhaustion, inability to maintain water balance, decreased water intake, retarded growth, dryness of skin are signs of what deficiency

Signs of NaCl deficiency are

Excess Sodium Chloride can occur with _____
Signs:

Function of Potassium
Potassium is absorbed in the

Poor growth, restlessness, muscular paralysis, cramping, dehydration, lesions in the heart and kidney are signs of what deficiency?

Signs of Potassium deficiency include

Causes of Potassium deficiency:
High levels of potassium have been known to affect the absorption of

Short term potassium deficiency through vomiting and diarrhea may be caused by

Iron combined with large protein molecule makes _________, which is iron containing compound in ___________.
Iron is needed in

Iron is absorbed in the ___________. 
Absorption is rapid, appearing in the red blood cells in about __________ after ingestion.

Define hemopoiesis

Define Blood

Plasma is made up of mostly water but also contains

Erythrocytes (RBCs)
make up _______% of RBCs
Function:
Lifespan:  
Bone marrow produces ____ RBCs every ____
to replenish the ones that wear out

Leukocytes (WBCs)
Function:

Define Thrombocytes (platelets)
Function: to plug holes in the vessels walls. It slows the loss of blood within _____. The plug
lasts ________ until the platelets run out of energy and fall apart.

Define Anemia 
Symptoms:
Origin/Cause:

Nutritional anemia is more likely to occur in the _______ during the _______________. Milk is extremely ______ in iron source.

Sources of Iron

How do we test for anemia?

Define Aplastic Anemia

Define Hemolytic Anemia

Define Hypochromic Anemia

Define Parasitic Anemia

At what PCV level will a transfusion be warranted?

PCV or microhematocrit for most animals is

Normally RBCs are spaced out – in a horse they are stacked on top of each other known as

Why do most commercial pet foods supplement Zinc? 
Zinc is considered a

Hypogonadism, skeletal deformities, corneal lesions, impaired immune systems are signs of what deficiency?

List 4 conditions that may result due to zinc deficiencies

Manganese occurs principally in the body in the

Function of Manganese

What interferes with the absorbtion of manganese?

Function of Copper

Copper Absorption is in the
The primary storage sites are the

Copper deficiencies in cats can result in

Copper deficiencies in dogs
Affects what breed: 
Signs:

Copper Toxicity
Affects what breed of dogs:
Copper levels are _____in the liver but serum
concentrations are _____.
AKA:

Copper deficiency in ruminants
AKA: 
Cause:
It has also been recorded in ______

Selenium
Found in:
Previously considered a ___, now found to be a ___________.
Appears to be a required _______.
Selenium deficiency appear to be an etiological agent in _______.
Selenium toxicity is characterized by

Dyspnea, frothy nasal discharge, and irregular heart beat are signs of what deficiency?

Most common disease associated with selenium deficiency
Affects: 
Name:  
Signs:

2 diseases associated with selenium diseases in pigs are:

Hepatosis dietetica is a degenerative disease of the liver.  There is massive _______ and __________ is the only clinical sign.

Selenium disease in dogs, is relatively uncommon, but if does occur creates a

Selenium can be found in high protein sources such as

Selenium toxicity in ruminants is due to

Selenium toxicity in ruminants
Symptoms: 
Acute toxicity will cause

The only known role of iodine is for
These hormones are necessary for

Iodine Deficiency in 
Cats is associated with 
Dogs is associated with

Cobalt is a component in 
Deficiency is unlikely to occur if it is adequately in diet.
Found in

Nickel - No levels have been established for domestic animals.
Food sources:

Sulphur – Occurs in 
No levels have been set

Molybdenum
Important in the formation of 
Toxicity signs:

Aluminum – Essential to

Silicon 
Important to
An essential

Chromium
Essential to the
May be related to the onset of

Flourine
Necessary for
Found in

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A is stored in the _______ as palmitate ester (retinyl palmitate) and it
circulates in the serum as an alcohol (retinol).  Vitamin A is absorbed rapidly in the ____.

Major source of Vitamin A in nature are Vitamin A precursors, the _________.
The most common being __________ which is yellow pigment in plants

The dog utilizes carotene effectively while the cat is unable to do so. Cats rely on stored Vitamin A in 

Vitamin A is involved with 

Vitamin D is also called ________, Vit D actually functions as a hormone involved in the regulation of ___________.

Vitamin D Toxicity can result in 

Vitamin E is also known as _________.
Found in plants and grains, especially ____________.
Carnivores obtain it from the _____. 

In order for Vitamin E to function it must be in the presence of

Define Steatitis or Pansteatitis
AKA 

Vitamin K helps to activate ___________. Deficiencies are uncommon in most domestic animals, but occurs most often in _______.  

Vitamin K sources

Coumarin is used today in __________ and __________ in cardiac patients. 

Vitamin C is also known as _________.
Vitamin C is highly soluble in water and readily absorbed from the gut if supplemented. The body manufactures it naturally from _______. 

Vitamin C is considered essential in what species? 

THIAMIN also known as ____.
Found in 

What vitamin was found to be the factor that prevented beriberi, a neurological disorder
characterized by weight loss, paralysis, lack of coordination, mental confusion, convulsions and apathy. Heart failure is the most common cause of death from beriberi

Riboflavin also known as _____
Found in 

What vitamin deficiency causes Curled
Toe Paralysis in chickens

Niacin is found in _________.
Essential for normal 

What vitamin deficiency causes Black tongue in dogs characterized by stomatitis, dermatitis, anemia, hemorrhagic diarrhea. 
It is called ______ in humans.

Pantothenic Acid - Found in _____________
Essential for all animals except the

Vitamin B6 is involved in the metabolism of __________
Comes in three forms
___________ has the most nutritional valve.

Folic Acid is important in __________.
It is involved in the synthesis of

Define Megaloblastic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia is a deficiency of what vitamin?

Biotin also known as ______
Found naturally in most foods. Experimental deficiency in calves caused _______.

Choline is synthesized in the ______ from the _______

“Perosis” (Chondrodystrophy) deformity of the leg bones in poultry is caused by what vitamin deficiency?

What vitamin deficiency causes night blindness in young animals

What vitamin deficiency causes Rickets in cats and dogs

What vitamin deficiency causes Brown Bowel Syndrome

What toxin and vitamin is associated with Sweet Clover Poisoning 

What vitamin deficiency causes Scurvy