Immunizations and communicable diseases in children

illness that is directly transmitted (acquired from person or vector) by contact with body fluids, or indirectly transmitted by contact w a contaminated object

any communicable disease caused by microorganisms that are commonly transmitted from one person to another or from an animal to a person

• -infectious agent, pathogen
• -effective means of transmission or spread of the infectious agent
• -a susceptible host

-antibodies produced in another human

ex: mother passes antibodies (proteins capable of responding to specific infections) to the fetus during third trimester by the placenta an d to the newborn through breast milk...decreases in newborn in months after birth

-preterm receive fewer maternal antibodies

• -immunity decreases in the months after birth
• -immunodeficiency and poor health 
• -poor hygiene behaviors (fecal-oral & respiratory route most common

infants/children develop active immunity with antibody development for specific infections through immunization or exposure to the natural disease through contacts with other children and adults

• -wash hands, hand sanitizer
• -separate quarantine from well
• -promote/provide immunizations
• -eliminate habitat for reservoir of the host
• -kill pathogen (sanitize toys)
• -educate children and parents

vaccine contains a microorganism that has been killed but is still capable of inducing the human body to produce antibodies.

exp: inactivated poliovirus vaccine

a toxin that has been treated (by heat or chemical) to weaken its toxic effects but retain its antigenicity

exp: tetnus toxoid

a vaccine that contains a microorganism in live but weakend form.

Exp: measles and varicella vaccines

a vaccine that uses proteins, such as from pertussis, rather than the whole bacterial cell to stimulate the process of active immunity

an organism that has been genetically altered for use in a vaccine

Exp: hepatitis B and acellular vaccine

al altered organism joined with another substance to increase the immune response

Exp: the haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in conjugated with a protein carrier like tetnus toxoid, but no immunity to tetanus occurs when it is the protein carrier

Local: erythema, swelling, pain, and induration at the site of the injection

Systemic: fever, fussiness or irritability, malaise, anorexia, rash

Allergic: epinephrine 1:1000 (0.01 ml/kg IM)

• -4 doses of DTP/DT/DTaP
• -3 doses of IPV, Hib, HepB
• -1 dose of MMR and varicella

• -vaccine-preventable diseases have been eliminated
• -immunization weakens the immune system or overload system causing harmful effects
• -it would be better to let the child get the disease than get immunized
• -vaccines do not work, children still get the disease
• -vaccines may cause serious conditions such at autism

• -use combination injections
• -educate staff to review childs record
• -send reminders to parents
• -schedule childs next immunization visit prior to them leaving the office
• -immunizations can be given when child is sick
• -give several vaccines at same visit; 2 injections in 2 different sites on the same extremity

• -date
• -vaccine
• -manifacturer
• -lot # & expiration
• -site & route
• -name title and address of person who administered

-coach parent ot hold and talk to child during shot

-infants up to 4 months of age, give 24% sucrose water to suck immediately beofre injection (reduce pain); then allow to suck on pacifier or breastfeed during injection

-apply pressure at injection site for 10 secs prior to injection

-use vapocoolant spray

-give two injections simutaneously

-parent comforts after

-age appropriate distractions

• -fever is increased body temp of 38 C (100.4F) taken rectal or oral
• -endogenous pyrogens are released in response to invaders
• -they travel to hypothalamus and trigger porduction of prostagladin E which raises body temp causing fever to occur
• -this leads to cold response with chills and shivering, vasoconstriction, decreased peripheral perfusion
• -body temp rises, then vasodilation occurs and the skin flushes becoming warm to touch

• -lethargy
• -poor perfusion
• -hypoventilation or hyperventilation
• -cyanosis

• -infants and children that have a toxic appearance
• -neonates < 28 days old w temp over 100.4 (38c)
• -children < 4 w temp over 105.8 (41c)
• -children with sickle cell, shunt, CHD

• -pospone treatment of low grade under 102, to promote natural defenses
• -antipyretics-acetaminophen/ibprofen (no asprin b/c of Reye syndrome)
• -limit clothing
• -monitor temp
• -clear fluids
• -finish all antibiotics

• -direct contact
• -contagious until lesions crusted over
• -incubate 14-21 days
• -airbourne and contact percaustions
• -acteminophen/ibprofen
• -benadryl

• -occurs in colder months
• -grey pharyngeal membrane
• -antibiotic for 14 days
• -emergency airway equiptment
• -sore throat and enlarged lymphs
• -contagious for 2-4 weeks or unti l4 days after antibiotics are started

• -summer, early fall
• -poor hygiene, overcrowding
• -fecal, oral droplet
• -incubate 3-6 days
• -viral shedding may occur weeks or months after infection onset
• -hand foot and mouth disease 7-10 days
• -hand hygiene

• -human parvovirus
• -worldwide winter and spring
• -epidemics q 3-7 years
• -children 5-14
• -respiratory and blood transmission
• -incubation 4-21 days, rash for 7-10 days
• -"slapped face"
• -antiyretics, oatmeal bath, benadryl, keep out of sunlight

• -spring and summer
• -contagious for 3 days
• -uppper respiratory infection, can enter blood stream
• -iv antibiotics for 10 days
• steroids, rifampin for exposed family (orange urine)
• -antipyretics

• -oct-march in USA
• -community outbreaks 4-8 weeks
• -H1N1, H1N2 new strains
• -abrupt onset
• -N/V/D
• -incubate 2 days
• contagious for one week

• -incubate 8-12 days, contagious 3-5 days before rash and 4 days after
• -children very ill,, rash, treatment is upportive, death 1-3:1000
• -airborne percautions
• -antpyretics
• -klopik spots

• -winter and early spring
• -incubate 2-10 days
• -contagious until 24 hours after antibiotic
• -spetic shock, DIC Gangrenous necrosis, respiratory compromise
• -spinal tap
• -Iv antibiotics 5-7 dyas

• -esptein barr virus
• -Incubate 30-50 days
• -supportive treatment
• -steroids for pharyngeal swelling
• -avoid contact sport for 4 week d/t liver and spleen elargemnt

• -incubation12-25 days
• -swollen glands, contagious 7 days prior to swelling and 9 days after
• -analgesics and antipyretics

• -pertussis or vaccine is long lasting
• -barrowed glottis causes stridor or whooping
• cough and respiratory symptoms last 3-9 weeks
• -supportive treatment and antibiotics

• -nasopharynx
• -unknown incubation, contagious unknown
• -standard precautions, antipyretics

• -all cases under 5 year old
• -contagious 3-6 weeks ecreted feces
• -incubation 7-10 days
• -sore throat low grade temp
• -asymmetric flaccid paralysis
• -aseptic meningitis and paresthesias
• -supportive treatment

• -human herpevirus
• -6-24 months
• -saliv and respiratory secretions
• incubated 9-10 days
• -contagious
• -fever 3-7 days

• -most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 year old
• -incubate 24-72 hour
• -fecal oral route
• -virus found in stool for up ot 30 days
• 10-20 diarrhea stool a day
• -lasts 3-8 days
• -fluid and electrolyte replacement

• -incubates 14-23 days
• -contagious a few days before
• -mild disease
• -tx is supportive
• -infection during 1st trimester=congenital defects or fetal death
• -children shed virus for 1 year

• -incubation varies
• -spread by contact with pharyngitis or skin lesion
• -pharyngeal, respiratory tract, scarlet fecer, pyodermal (impetigo)
• -rapid strep antigen test
• -antipyretics
• -gargling

• -bacillus spore
• -soil dust and animal excretions
• -puncture wounds, burns broken skin
• -not contagious
• -spasms, mortaility in infants

malaria-mosquito

rabies infected saliva from animals

rocky mountain spotted fever-tick bourne

-condidtion in which blood clots form throughout the body's small blood vessels.

-blood clots reduce/block blood flow thorugh the blood vessels, which can damage body organs

-increased clotting uses up platelets and serious bleeding can occur (internal and external)

-symptoms include petechiae or pupura