-
ash
total mineral content
-
ash contains all of the essential minerals:
- calcium
- phosphorus
- salt
- iron
-
is the ash content required on food label?
no.
-
Feline Urological Syndrom (FUS)
or Feline Lower Urinary Track Disease (FLUTD)
- excessive ash content has been implicated in FUS in cats
- predominately young male cats
- going to litter box w/ little to no urine
- vomiting
- little interest in food
-
calcium and phosphorus are necessary for what?
- normal bone development
- rigidity for bones and teeth
- aid in blood coagulation
- nerve excitability
-
proper ratio of calcium to phosphoru
1.2-2 parts calcium to each part phosphorus
2:1
(especially important during: growth, trauma, pregnancy (lactation)
-
bone matrix is composed of
- calcium
- phosphorus
- carbonate
- citrate
- magnesium
- sodium
- potassium
- chloride
- fluoride
- trace elements
-
main point of bone growth
epiphysis
-
excellent source of calcium and phosphorus to pets
bone meal
-
phosphorus from animal sources is what %? from plant sources?
-
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSH)
softening/deformation of bones due to failure of the bone matrix to solidify.
- calcium deficiency during growth stage
- fed all meat diet
-
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
- pain&soft tissue swelling around distal radius, ulna, tibia
- lameness
- fever
- lethargy
- anorexia
occurs in young, rapidly growing dogs of large/giant breed
-
Canine Hip Dysplasia
- genetic
- small acetabulum, mishapen femoral head
lameness, pain in joint, lowered activity level
- animals < 40#- remove femoral head
- larger- hip replacement
-
dogs known for hip dysplasia
english bulldog
-
OFA
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
-
Degenerative Joint Disease
- sudden onset of lameness
- atrophy of muscles of the hip and hind limb
- thought to be hereditary but can worsen by diet high in phosphorus, low in calcium, dense in energy
- pen-fed young bulls
-
why is Osteomalacia not seen as often anymore?
commercial pet foods
seen mostly in reptiles bc feeding homemade diet
-
Rickets (Osteomalacia)
- soft bones
- young, growing animals
- deficiency in phosphorus and vitamin D (must have D to absorb calcium to solidify bones)
- failure to calcify=bowed appearance of legs&swollen joints
-
Parturient Paresis
- hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia in cattle following calving
- inability to rise
- cows-milk fever
- dogs-eclampsia
- mares-lactation tetany
(give oral calcium paste, IV calcium, calcium supplements)
-
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- necessary for moving calcium from bone
- prevents continual bone growth
produced by parathyroid gland
-
Calcitonin
inhibits bone resorption
produced by thyroid gland
-
Vitamin D
- promotes intestinal calcium absorption
- calcium absorption occurs in small intestine (mainly duodenum&jejunum)
appears to function more as a hormone than vitamin
-
these all effect magnesium absorption (all must be present and work together)
- calcium
- phosphorus
- calcitonin
- parathyroid hormone
-
magnesium def. in puppies
- depression
- incoordination
- muscular weakness
- hyperextension of forepaws
- droopiness of ears&tails
-
Magnesium def. in cats
- muscular weakness
- hyper-irritability
- convulsions
- reduced food intake
- poor growth
(excess=FUS)
-
magnesium is used in many fundamental enzymatic reactions especially
use of amino acids and fatty acids for energy
-
hypomagnesemia
grass tetany, grass staggers
- cattle in spring, pastures lush&green
- top off grass rather than whole sprig
- top=low Mg levels
- grass heavily fertilized w/ Nitrogen=inhibit Mg absorption
- also calves fed strictly milk diet
signs: ataxia, seizures lapse into coma then death
-
necessary minerals that serve as fluid regulators
(help to maintain balance between fluids inside&outside of the cell)
-
commonly known as electrolytes (fluid regulators)
-
definition of electrolyte
when dissolved into water disassociates into electrically charged ions, capable of conducting an electrical current
-
essental element of plasma and other extracellular fluids
Sodium
-
sodium aids in
- transfer of nutrients
- removal of waste from cells
- producing bile
-
bile important in
digestion of fats and carbs
-
excess sodium is excreted by the
kidney
(this is why need a lower sodium intake for geriatric, not as hard on kidney)
-
needed for formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric juices which are used to digest protein
Chloride
-
Chloride is excreted in the
urine
-
causes os sodium chloride (NaCl) def
- prolonged&severe diarrhea
- vomiting
- adrenal cortical insufficiency
-
signs of sodium chloride (NaCl) def
- fatigue
- exhaustion
- inability to maintain water balance
- decreased intake of water
- retarded growth
- dry skin
- hair loss
-
water depravation can cause
Sodium Chloride excess
signs: thirst, pruritis, constripation, anorexia, seizures, death
-
needed for proper enzyme, muscle, nerve function and fluid balance&appetite
Potassium
-
Potassium is absorbed in the
small and large intestine
-
Potassium def. signs
- poor growth
- restlessness
- muscular paralysis
- dehydration
- lesions in heart and kidney
causes: chronic diarrhea, vomiting, starvation, diabetes melitus
-
high levels of Potassium have been known to affect absorption of
Magnesium
-
most nutritional deficiencies are unheard of due to
supplementation in commercial pet foods
-
Iron
needed in transporting oxygen& for enzymes in energy utilization
combined with large protein makes hemoglobin, the iron containing compound in RBC
-
need RBC to
carry oxygen and exchange CO2
-
Iron absorption is rapid, appearing in RBC in about
4 hours after ingestion
-
hemopoiesis
formation of RBCs
-
largest utilization of iron
hemopoiesis
-
anemia
result of def. of iron
symptoms: reduced appetite, diarrhea, rough hair coat, increased susceptibility to disease
can be from hereditary, pathological, or nutritional origins
-
good iron sources
- meat (liver)
- greens
- supplements
-
why is nutritional anemia more likely to occur in the young during suckling period?
- milk is extremely low in iron
- liver of newborn has a supply of iron that normally lasts through to weaning but may not due to nutritional def in the dam
-
how do we test for anemia?
PCV %
- microhematocrit tube, centrifuge 3 mins (will show the diff levels of plasma, WBC, RBC)
- blood chemistry analyzer
*always take two samples to compare
-
aplastic anemia
- bone marrow fails to produce essential blood elements
- does not respond to anti-anemia therapies
-
hemolytic anemia
shortened lifespan of RBC and bones inability to compensate for the decreased lifespan
*body destroying its own RBC
-
hypoplastic anemia
varying degrees of electrolytes under development
-
parasitic anemia
due to absence of RBC due to parasite ingestion
-
normal PCV/microhematocrit
37-45%
-
blood transfusion 1st vs 2nd
- 1st time- do not have to blood type test
- 2nd- must blood type test bc developed antibodies from first transfusion
(transfusion performed if PCV 10-15%)
-
zinc improves
immune system
-
zinc
- trace mineral
- common in natural feedstuffs
- supplemented in most commercial pet foods due to bodys inability to absorb it efficiently
-
signs of zinc def
- hypogonadism (small genitals)
- skeletal deformities
- corneal lesions
- impaired immune response
-
manganese essential for:
- normal rerpoduction
- glucose utilization&production of insulin
- production of prothrombin (blood clotting agent)
*supplemented in pet foods
-
manganese occurs mainly in the body's
-
what interferes with absorption of manganese?
excessive calcium and phosphorus
-
copper used for
- mobilizing iron for hemoglobin synthesis
- maturation of collagen, pigmentation of hair, neural transmission
(iron def anemia can be secondary to copper def)
-
copper main storage sites
(absorption in stomach and upper small intestine)
-
copper deficiencies in cat
- decreased plasma
- connective tissue defects in aorta
-
copper def in dogs
dwarfism (alaskan malamutes)
-
dogs with predisposition to copper toxicity
(Bedlington Terrier Copper Associated Hepatopathy or Copper Storage Disease)
- bedlington terrier
- west highland white
- doberman
- cocker spaniel
(copper levels high in liver but serum concentration low-liver failure)
-
copper def in ruminants
(enzootic ataxia, swayback, falling disease)
anemia and central nervous system disorder
also recorded in pigs
-
selenium
- trace mineral formerly thought to be a toxin
- required growth factor
-
appears to be an etiological agent in myopathies (disease of muscle tissue)
selenium
-
selenium toxicity
garlic like odor to breath
(rare)
-
selenium and which vitamin go hand in hand?
E
-
selenium def
calves, lambs, foals
white muscle disease or enzootic muscular dystrophy
signs: dyspnea, frothy nasal discharge, irregular heart rate
most die/if survive: weak&dyspnic
-
2 diseases in pigs related to selenium def
- Mulberry Heart Disease
- Hepatosis dietetica (degenerative disease of liver- massive hepatic necrosis&sudden death)
-
selenium def uncommon in dogs but if does occur creates
myocardial necrosis
(no occurrences in cats)
-
selenium found in
high protein sources such as wheat or soy (natural sources)
-
selenium toxicity due to
overconsumption
usually ruminants with accidental unlimited access to feed
- symptoms: listlessness, hair loss, soreness or sloughing of hooves, lameness, cardiac atrophy
- acute toxicity: blindness, abdominal pain, respiratory arrest
-
Iodine
- synthesis of 2 hormones produced by thyroid gland
- these hormones necessary for regulation of cell oxidation
normally supplemented to meet bodies requirments
-
iodine def
cats- goiter, alopecia, abnormal calcium metabolism, death
dogs- goiter, skeletal deformities, alopecia, lethargy, timidity
-
trace minerals
- cobalt
- nickel
- sulphur
- molybdenum
- aluminum
- silicon
- chromium
- fluorine
-
cobalt
- component in vitamin B12
- def. unlikely to occur if adequate B12 in diet
(improve B12 with leafy greens)
-
nickel
no levels established
sources: rice, legumes, oats, most veggies
-
sulphur
no levels established
occurs in amino acids cystine and methionine
-
molybdenum
important in formation of uric acid
toxicity signs: chronic diarrhea, ill-thrift, depigmentation of hair
-
aluminum
essential to fertility and immune system
-
silicon
- important in bone mineralization
- essential trace element
-
chromium
essential to metabolism of carbs
(may be related to onset of diabetes mellitus in primates)
-
fluorine
necessary for bones and teeth
- (sources: toothpaste, some cities in water)
- *human toothpaste too much fluorine for animals-use baking soda&water into a paste with finger
-
trace minerals are
minerals that do not really have an established amount just know they are needed.
-
-
-
Vitamin A sources
fruits&veggies (orange, red, yellow)
- in nature: vitamin A precursors, carotenoids
- most common: beta-carotene
-
Vitamin A stored in
- the liver (as retinyl palmitate)
- when needed changed into& circulates in serum as an alcohol (retinol)
absorbed rapidly in small intestine
-
gives yellow pigments in plants
beta-carotene
-
retinol-binding protein (RBP)
retinol binds with a special protein which escorts it to the cells that utilize it
-
Vitamin A def
night blindness
(usually confined to young)
-
do dogs or cats utilize carotene efficiently?
dogs
cats rely on stored vitamin A in animal or fish oils
-
deficiencies of vitamin A in cat not common because..
cats store large quantities of vitamin A in the liver and kidneys
-
Vitamin D important in
regulation of calcium metabolism
(actually functions as more of a hormone^)
-
another name for Vitamin D
cholecalciferol
-
deficiency of vitamin D in cats and dogs causes
Rickets
-
-
vitamin D toxicitiy
depressed growth, mineralized soft tissues (heart, lung, kidney)
-
Vitamin E also known as
tocopherol
-
must be with vitamin E in order to work
- *selenium
- polyunsaturated fat
- sulphur amino acids
-
sources of vitamin E
- plants&grains (esp:soybean&wheat germ oils)
- carnivores obtain from liver&adipose tissue
-
Brown Bowel Syndrome
- def in vitamin E
- maple-sugar color in small intestine
- harsh haircoat
- alopecia
- moist dermatitis
- diarrhea
- fertility problems
- muscle weakness
-
Steatitis or Pansteatitis
- yellow fat disease
- (inflammation of fatty tissue)
-
Vitamin K important for
Clotting (helps to activate Prothrombin)
-
def of this vitamin is uncommon in domestic, more often in poultry and cattle bc of diets containing antibiotics which supress the gut microbial population
Vitamin K
(gut microbial synthesizes vitamin K)
-
rare occurrence of vitamin K def in dogs&cats
ingestion of rat poison
-
sources of vitamin K
- green leafy plants and veggies
- (alfalfa&spinach)
-
Sweet Clover Poisoning
when this hay is cut if not allowed to dry, molds and produces toxin called coumarin or dicoumarol. Coumarin blocks vitamin K production of prothrombin.
Results in prolonged clotting time, hemorrhage, fatal anemia
-
Coumarin
toxin produced when sweet clover hay molds
blocks vitamin K production of prothrombin
-
Coumarin used for
- rat poison
- anticoagulation drugs in cardiac patients
-
vitamin C also known as
Ascorbic Acid
-
this vitamin prevents scurvy
vitamin C
-
Vitamin C is ______ soluble?
water
-
the body manufactures this vitamin but does not store it well, it is readily excreted in urine
Vitamin C
-
Vitamin C is essential in
- humans
- primates
- some birds
- guinea pigs (daily)
- pigs
- fish
-
signs of vitamin C def
sores in mouth, anemia, epiphyseal fractures
(most commonly in young, rapid, growing dogs)
-
Thiamin (B1) sources
- cereals, cereal brans (mainly)
- meat, legumes, green veggies, fish, fruits, milk
-
originally factor in preventing beriberi (neurological disorder)
thiamin (B1)
-
thiamin def signs
- ataxia
- mydriasis (dilated pupils)
- convulsions
- -dogs affected if pet food processed by excessive heat
- -horse&pigs eat bracken fern which has an enzyme to prevent absorption of thiamin
-
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) sources
dairy products and organ meats (kidneys, heart, lungs)
-
-
Riboflavin (B2) def
dogs- conjunctivitis, dermatitis, glossitis, muscular weakness
fowl- decreased egg production, decreased hatchability, poor growth, curled toe paralysis-toes curled inwards&under (chicken walks on hocks)
-
Niacin sources
various plant and animal tissues
-
Niacin essential for
normal carbohydrate metabolism
-
Black Tongue
niacin def in dogs characterized by stomatitis, diarrhea, anemia, hemorrhagic diarrhea
(pellagra in humans)
-
Pantothenic Acid sources
in all plant and animal tissues
-
essential for all animals except ruminant which synthesize in rumen
Pantothenic Acid
-
main problem with def of pantothenic acid
dermatitis
-
-
Vitamin B6
involved in metabolism of amino acids
(def rare)
-
3 forms of Vitamin B6
- *pyridoxine (most nutritional value)
- pyridoxal
- pyridoxamine
-
-
Folic Acid most important for
reproduction
(involved in synthesis of amino acids&DNA)
-
folic acid is supplied in most
- pasture grasses
- commercial pet foods
-
Megaloblastic anemia
def of folic acid resulting in abnormal RBC production
-
-
-
Biotin sources
found naturally in most foods
-
experimental def of biotin
- calves- paralysis
- pigs- dermatitis
- dogs&cats- combination of both
-
synthesized in the liver from amino aicds
choline
-
choline deficiency
pigs&calves- incoordination, weakness, dyspnea, hock swelling
dogs&cats- not likely
-
"Perosis" (chondrodystrophy)
deforming of legs bones due to def of choline in poultry
|
|
