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(formula) What is the main protein source? (2)
-casein
-whey
**from cows milk
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Are there specialized forms of formulas?
yes
*soy based, predigested, others for certain medical conditions
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How many minimum and maximum standards are there on formua?
29 nutrients that have a minimum and maximum standards
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5 reasons why we can introduce solids at 4-6 months
-tongue movement allows swallowing
-infants can sit up
-digestive and kidney systems have matured
-less likely to develop food allergies
-iron-fortified cereals are well tolerated
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7 things infants should not eat
-food they can choke on
-corn syrup or honey
-goats milk
-cows milk
-large quant. of juice
-too much salt or sugar
-too much breast milk, formula, and water
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6 nutrition related concerns for infants
-allergies
-dehydration
-colic
-anemia
-nursing bottle syndrome
-lead poisoning
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(allergies) how should solid food be introduced?
They should be introduced one at a time for a week to watch for allergies
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Allergy foods
-cows milk
-egg whites
-peanuts
-wheat commonly trigger food allergies
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Is dehydration dangerous for infants?
yes, extremely dangerous
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What is dehydration caused by in an infant? (3)
-diarrhea
-vomitting
-inadequate fluid intake
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What solution can be used for dehydration?
pediatric electrolyte
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What is colic?
uncontrollable crying that can last for hours
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Whats the cause for colic?
precise cause is unknown
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How can anemia happen in an infant?
infants are only born with enough iron for only 6 months
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What is nursing bottle syndrome?
-it is tooth decay and dental caries caused by leaving an infant alone with a bottle
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Why does nursing bottle syndrome occur?
the high carbohydrate fluid provides an optimal food source for bacteria that cause dental caries
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When should a cup be used for infants?
begin to use cup by 8 months and no bottle after 18 months
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what results from Lead poisoning? (3)
-reduced mental capacity
-behavioral problems
-impaired growth
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How long should tap water be allowed to be run before use?
a minute to discard lead leached from pipes
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Why is lead poisoning especially toxic to infants?
the brain and nervous system are still developing
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What does WIC stand for?
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children
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what does WIC provide?
special food vouchers to pregnant and lactating women, and children under 5 years of age
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What is the purpose of WIC?
to increase likelihood of a healthy baby
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Whats the energy requirement for toddlers?
high energy requirement due to increased activity level
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Does the rapid growth continue during toddler?
it starts slow comparing to ifnancy growth
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What percent should fats make of a toddler diet?
30-40%
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How much protein per kg body weight shoudl toddlers consume?
1.10 g
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How much carbohydrates should toddlers consume per day?
130 g
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Whats the most common nutrient deficiency in young children?
iron-deficient anemia
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What 6 micros important for toddlers?
-vit A
-vit C
-vit E
-calcium
-iron
-zinc
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How much fluids should toddlers drink?
1.3 liters a day
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Should toddlers take supplements?
they may need due to their erratic eating habits, especially for flouride
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How to deal with allergies with toddlers?
intorduce one new food at a time
*cotinue to watch for allergies
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For vegetarian families, can a diet that includes eggs and dairy be healtful?
yes
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Is a vegan diet essential and optimal for toddlers?
it may lack essential vitamins and minerals
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What should the macros be for ages 4-8?
-25-35% of total energy from fat
-.95 grams of protein per kg body weight
-130 grams of carbs per day
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Are micronutrients still a concern? if so which ones?
yes
**same 6 as before
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How much fluids should children of 4-8 drink?
1.7 liters
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Should supplements be consumed by ages 4-8?
they may be recommended when particular food groups are not eaten regularly
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What good tactic should be used to motivate child age 4-8 to eat healthy?
motivate the kid by something that he cares about
ex) you will be able to jump higher when playing basketball
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Nutrition and Academic performance
if skipped breakfast, they performed worse
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Which should approach should be used to teach kids to eat?
child-centered practices
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When do children start to make their own decisions of food?
9 to 13 years of age
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Macros for ages 9-13
-25-35% of total energy from fat
-.95 g protein per kg body weight
- - 130 grams carbohydrates per day
- *45-60% of calories from carbs
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Micronutrients needs of ages 9-13
the need for micros increased sharply as children approach puberty
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Which two micros are very important for ages 9-13?
calcium and iron
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How much fluids should males consume during ages 9-13?
2.4 liters
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How much fluids should females consume ages 9-13?
2.1 liters
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What two people can influence child's food choices?
peer pressure and healthy role models
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Ages 9-13 and Satiety
-this is age group in where they lose their satiety. they eat to eat
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when do growth spurts begin in girls?
10-11
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When do growth spurts begin forboys?
12 to 13
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which 4 micros are important in adolescents?
calcium and vitamin D and iron and vitamin A
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why is calcium and vitamin D improtant in adolescence?
it achieves peak bone density
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Why is vitamin A critical for adolescence?
critical for supporting rapid growth and development
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How much mg a day do females need to consume of iron during adolescence?
15 mg
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How much mg a day do males need to consume of iron during adolescence?
11 mg
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Where does bone growth occur?
it occurs at epiphyseal plate
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How many liters a day should boys drink during adolescence?
3.3 liters a day
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How many liters a day should females drink during adolescent?
2.3 liters a day
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