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EqMed Q2, Cardio
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how do you describe normal equine urine?
Pale yellow to deep tan
Turbid
: hi Ca carbonate
Viscous
: Goblet cells
SG
: >1.025
what blood work findings are suggestive of GFR function?
creatinine and BUN
what part of the urinary system can be examined via endoscopy?
Urethra
Bladder
Proximal ureters
why would normal urine test positive for proteins on dipstick?
Alkaline urine
what are your two differentials for positive blood reaction on dipstick?
myoglobin
hemoglobin
How will fluid administration help you determine if azotemia is prerenal vs. renal?
Prerenal Azotemia =
Creatinine decrease >50% w/in 24hrs
Expected electrolyte abnormalities with ARF?
low Na/Cl
hi K/P
What are expected clin path findings with NSAID toxicosis?
Azotemia with LOW USG
Low PCV/TP
(PLE w/ ulcers)
how do aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin) cause problems in kidney?
Dx?
How can this be avoided?
Binds to proximal tubular epithelial cells
Acute tubular necrosis
Saturates brush border
Proteinuria and GGT in urine
SID helpful
how does rhabdomyolysis damage kidneys?
Tx?
Pigment nephropathy (myoglobin) - toxic to tubules
Diuresis
Common Manifestations of Lepto
Renal Damage
Abortion
Why should alfalfa be removed from diet of CRF P?
High Ca
(already hyperCa from CRF)
Urolithiasis rare but may be associated with...?
CRF
what is most common cystolith?
calcium carbonate stones
what is recommended treatment for cystolith? 4
Removal via paramedian incision
Antimicrobials (TMS)
Decr. Ca intake
+/- Acidification (rarely successful)
What is a sabulous urolith?
Why is this a problem?
C/S?
Sandy material in bladder forms concretion of CaCO3
Prevents complete emptying of bladder
Stranguria/Dribbling
how is sabulous urolith managed?
Bladder lavages with anti-inflammatories (difficult)
Locations for peripheral pulse? 6
Facial A
Transverse facial A
Median A
Digital A
Metatarsal A
Carotid A
Which heart sounds are audible in the horse?
What does each represent?
S1
: Closure of AV valves (systole)
S2
: Closure of semilunar valves (end systole)
S3
: Elastic recoil at end of rapid Ventricular filling
S4
: Atrial contraction
Two mechanisms for arrythmias?
Impaired conduction
Changes in automaticity
Causes of sinus tachycardia? 6
Appearance on ECG?
Excitement
Pain
Fever
Dehydration
Anemia
Hemorrhage
HR >60 w/ N complexes
what is most common arrythmia in horse?
Atrial Fibrillation
(80% have underlying heart disease)
What are some contributing factors leading to atrial fibrillation? 6
Incr. vagal tone
Enlarged atria
Atrial mass
HypoK
Myocardial damage
Short refractory period
C/S associated with atrial fibrillation? 5
*exercise intolerance*
Dyspnea and tachypnea
Epistaxis
CHF
None
S4 is absent with...
Atrial Fib
Expected HR with atrial fib?
HR: 30-50
ECG findings associated with atrial fibrillation?
Regular R-R
F waves
How is A-fib treated if present < 2wks?
IV Quinidine Gluconate
Electrocardioconversion
Tx for long standing A fib?
PO Quinidine
Sulfate
electrocardioconversion
C/S of quinidine toxicity? 8
ECG? 3
Colic
Flatulence/diarrhea
Respiratory distress/Edema/Congestion of nasal mucosa
Hypotension/Syncope
Neuro signs
Urticaria
Laminitis
Sudden death
A-fib
Prolonged QRS
V tach
What % of P will successfully convert electrical cardioconversion?
90%
Tx of Afib change with CHF?
No quinidine
Tx underlying cause
What is normal cardio finding with to high vagal tone?
What drug can also induce this?
2nd degree AV block
Xylazine
ECG finding seen with 3rd degree AV block?
Dissociated P and R's
Normal P-P and R-R
Ventricular rate > atrial
Complete heart block Tx?
Stall rest
Corticosteroids
Pacemaker
What ECG finding is indicative of a VPC w/ poor prognosis?
Multiform with R on T
C/S associated with VPCs? 6
HR >120
Venous distention
Ventral edema
Poor performance/collapse
Anxiety
Colic
When should you treat V Tach? 5
Sustained V-tach
HR >100
R on T
Multiform
CV collapse
V-tach Tx? 5
Continous ECG monitoring
Lidocaine IV
Quinidine gluconate IV
Procainamide IV
MgSO4 IV
C/S of monensin toxicosis? 6
Depression/anorexia
Ataxia/hind limb weakness
Profuse sweating
Tachycardia
Colic/diarrhea
Death
What changes are seen on clin path with monensin toxicosis? 4
Elevated...
CK
AST
LDH
CTnI
(damaged cardiac and skeletal m)
ECG changes seen with monensin toxicity?
Prolonged P-QT
S-T abnormalities
What is best determinant of prognosis in a P with Monensin Tox?
Echo = Fractional shortening
30-40% excellent
Author
HLW
ID
212929
Card Set
EqMed Q2, Cardio
Description
EqMed Q2, Cardio
Updated
2013-04-11T21:21:04Z
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