Geology

Hardness is a measure of resistance to _____________.

In a stable atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of:

What is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust?

The silicate tetrahedron consists of:

Electron transfer is involved in this type of bonding:

Which of the following is a sulfide?

The mineral which effervesces in acid is:

What is not a part of the definition of a mineral?

Straight hairline grooves on cleavage faces, such as plagioclase feldspar are called:

_________ is determined by grinding a mineral to a fine powder and rubbing it on an unglazed poreclain square.

Fool's gold is an informal name for:

This type of acid is commonly used to identify minerals:

The Mohs Scale is used to measure:

Name a silicate

Diamond and graphite are polymorphs because they:

Atoms are stable when they have this many electrons in their outer orbitals:

The most common elements in the Earth's crust

The number of protons in an atom is the same as the ________ of an element

The most noticeable property of a mineral, but may be one of the least diagnostic properties:

The oxide of iron, characterized by a red brown streak is ________

A mineral with one direction of cleavage is:

The breakage of minerals along flat surfaces which follow planes of weakness in their crystal structure:

The property that best describes the relationship between the weight of a mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water:

True/False.  Some mineral properties vary depending on the direction where they were measured.
True False

These minerals can be hammered into thin sheets:

Chemical compounds________

True/False. The color of a mineral in different specimens will always be the same if the element responsible for the color appears in trace amounts within the mineral.
True False

What type of bonding will atoms with 4 electrons in the outermost shell form?

Native elements_______

What physical property is related to the way a mineral reflects light?

Unconfined minerals create _________

Minerals confined by other surrounding minerals create __________

Streak is useful in identifying:

Texture of igneous rocks that are made up of rock and ash, welded together by a volcanic explosion.

A concordant pluton that is tabular or sheetlike:

Name an intermediate rock:

Igneous rocks with crystals too small to see (greater than 1 mm) have this texture:

Three minerals at the bottom of Bowen's Reaction series:

Volcanic rocks that display large crystals within a finer grained groundmass have this texture:

Sheet-like pluton that cuts across the structure of the country rock:

How do xenoliths form?

According to the rock cycle, what processes lead to the formation of an igneous rock?

Felsic rocks:

Aphantic rocks cool _______

The visually estimated percentage of dark minerals in a rock is the ___________

Name a mafic rock

Define: Mafic Rocks

Large crystals in an igneous rock indicate:

Igneous rocks with very large grains have this texture:

Igneous rocks that form by the cooling of lava on the Earth's surface are called:

Igneous rocks that form by cooling of magma inside the Earth are called:

Gas bubbles trapped in a rock are called:

The volcanic area located over a stationary continental hot spot

Flat volcanic plains created by volcanism flowing from deep fisure in the lithosphere

What conditions enhance the lahar formation potential?

Volcanic feature developed on the continent at an ocean to continent subduction setting:

Volcanic bombs have a __________ because they were ejected while molten.

Rhyolitic magmas lead to explosive eruptions because:

Volcanic feature that is Plinian eruption related:

The volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands are associated with this type of plate tectonic setting:

This type of lava or magma is least viscous and most likely to form a shield volcano:

The Cascade Range is this type of plate tectonic setting:

Viscocity of magma is controlled by what two factors?

A volcano is most likely to produce low viscocity flows if it has this composition:

Which type of lava or magma is most viscous?

Name the largest volcano in the solar system.

Which type of volcano is the most violent and explosive?

Type of tectonic plate boundary associated with the "Ring of Fire":

Volcano that exploded, creating Crater Lake:

The main factor that controls how explosive a volcanic eruption will be:

An example of a stratovolcano:

When basaltic lava flows into a body of water:

The two most abundant gases erupted from volcanoes:

Volcano formed by many thin flows of basalt with gentle slopes and a very broad base:

Siliceous sedimentary rock which often replaces limestone.  It is also called microcrystalline quartz:

Which process is not involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks?

List from finest grain to coarsest grain:

silt, clay, sand, gravel

Fan-shaped deposits of sediment that form along the base of a mountain range

Dissolution of this type of rock produces karst topography, which is characterized by caverns, sinkholes and disappearing streams.

In the southeastern U.S., biotite and amiphibole in granite is likely to weather in what way?

Weathered or "rotten" rock in which feldspars have weathered to form soft clays.

When a large body of plutonic rock becomes exposed and breaks off in sheets, it is called:

Red soils in tropical areas:

Which mineral is most stable at the earth's surface conditions?

Dominiant mineral in rock salt:

The highest grade of coal:

Detrial or terrigenous sediment 1/16 to 2 mm in diameter

Dominant mineral in arkose:

Sedimentary rocks composed of broken fragments from weathering of rocks and transported to the depositional basin.

Name an evaporite.

Chemical sedimentary rocks that form from the evaporation of saline water are called:

Sedimentary rock made of angular gravel

Loose sediment becomes rock through the process of:

Name an environment that is not transitional:

Kaolinite is formed by this type of weathering:

List types of physical weathering:

Mineral that is soluable and subject to dissolution in acidic waters.

Mineral likely to weather by oxidation.

Largest earthquakes in American history

S Wave

How did the first seismograph record earthquakes?

Most large earthquakes occur here:

P waves

Charleston, South Carolina

Focus

Earthquakes are common around the edges of this ocean:

This waves moves with shearing motion and cannot travel through liquids

Small earthquakes in Georgia have been associated with the presence of...

Places where earthquakes have occurred in Georgia

Epicenter

How many seismic station locations are needed to locate the epicenter?

Damage from the 1964 Alaska earthquake was severe because of...

Compressional wave

Moment magnitude 

Surface waves

Every grade on the Richter scale increases

New Madrid earthquake 

Strike and Dip

Dome

Reverse fault

Folds result from ___________ stress and _______ behavior

Convergent plate boundaries have what type of fault?

Stress that elongates bodies, pulling them apart

Syncline

What stress would produce normal faulting?

Thrust

Recumbent fold

San Andreas fault

Dip

Strike

Differential stresses that shortens a rock body

Deformation along strike slip faults