Endocrine system part 3

it does not synthesize hormones but it does store and release two hormones.  It consists of axons and axon terminals of more than 10,000 hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

this tract begins in the hypothalamus and ends near blood capillaries in the the posterior pituiatry

the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary are associated with specialized neuroglia called this.  these cells have a supporting role

it affects the mothers uterus and breasts.  It is released from the posterior pituitary gland

it decreases urin production.  It causes the kidneys to return more water to the blood.  Alcohol inhibits this hormone.  It also decreases the water lost through sweat and causes the constriction of arterioles which increases blood pressure. stored in the posterior pituitary gland

it is located just inferior to the larynx.  It is composed of left and right lateral lobes, one on either side of the trachea that are connected by the isthmus.

microscopic spherical sacs make up most of the thyroid glands.

the wall of each follicle consists primarily of these cells.  most of which extend to the lumen(internal space) of the follicle.  They secrete thyroid hormones

produced by thyroid gland also known as the thyroid hormones

lie between follicles of the thyroid and produce calcitonin, which helps regulate calcium homeostasis.

can decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts.

are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. They are small masses of tissue.

produce parathyroid hormones

is the major regulator of levels of ca+2 , magnesium and phosphate ions.  It increases the number and activities of osteoclasts.  The result is elevated bone resorption.  It also acts on the kidneys to control the rate that Ca+2 and Mg+2 are lost in the urine.

a hormone that is the active form of vitamin D. PTH tells the kidneys to form this.

one of each lies superior to each kidney.  2 parts the cortex and the medulla

3 zones secret 3 different hormones.

part of the adrenal cortex, it controls mineral homeostasis.

produced by the mineralocorticoids in the adrenal cortex.  It regulates homeostasis of two ions, sodium and potassium and helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume.  It also supports the secretion of H+ in the blood to keep down acid in the blood

controls secretion of Aldosterone

lower blood pressure stimulates cells in the kidneys to secrete this enzyme

renin converts this plasma protein produced by the liver into angiotensin 2

converted from angiotensin 1.  this is what stimulated the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

part of the adrenal cortex. it regulates metabolism and resistance to stress. Cortisol is the most abundant hormone secreted the other two are corticosterone and cortisone

low blood levels of glucocorticouds, mainly cortisol, stimulate neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete this. Which promotes the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary which then flows to the adrenal cortex.

produced by the adrenal cortex. In females they control libido and are converted into estrogens by other body tissues.  They stimulate the growth of pubic hair and contribute to growth spurts

the inner region of the adrenal gland.  It is a modified sympathetic ganglion of the ANS

the hormone producing cells are innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the ANS.

two major hormones of the adrenal medulla.  They intensify sympathetic responses in other parts of the body.