Transport sugars in glycoprotein synthesis
Bind carbohydrate on the cell surface of bacteria
Bind to oxygenated carotenes
Serve as precursors of carotenoids
They are degradation products of steroids
A
Plasma lipoproteins transport _______ through the blood from one organ to another.
Triacylglycerols
Phospholipids
Cholesteryl esters
Both A and C are correct
All of the above are correct
E
_________ are the principal transporters of cholesteryl esters to tissues.
Chylomicrons
Very low density lipoprotein
Intermediate density lipoprotein
Low density lipoprotein
All of the above are true
D
Individuals with cystic fibrosis have a defective _______ ion channel in their epithelial membrane
Water
Chloride
Potassium
Protein
Sodium
B
A consequence of replacing dietary fat content with sugars is
No effect on body weight
An increase in body weight
A small loss of body weight
A large decrease in body weight
An initial loss of weight followed by a large increase in body weight
B
Which of the following is not a consequence of a low fat diet?
Low levels of fat soluble vitamins
Low levels of essential fatty acids
Brittle hair
Poor would healing
Low blood pressure
E
43) Phospholipase B hydrolyzes ______ ester bonds in phospholipids
C-1
C-2
C-3
Both C-1 and C-2
All of the above
D
44) Which of the following is not a function of phospholipases?
Membrane remodeling
Signal transduction
Energy storage
Digestion
Toxic Phospholipases
C
45) Membranes are rigid when they contain
Large amounts of cholesterol
Large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids
Large amounts of saturated fatty acids
Large amounts of water
A and B
C
46) Flippase transfers _________ from the outer to inner membrane leaflet
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Triacylglycerols
Glycolipids
Water
A
1. How many acetyl-CoA’s are required to synthesize one molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate
3
2. ______ is used to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria.
B-Oxidation and carnitine carrier system
3) The b-oxidation of fatty acids requires_________.
Acyl-CoA, FAD, NAD+, and CoASH
4. ________, a product of the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, is converted to succinyl-CoA.
Propionyl-CoA
5) __________ derive a substantial amount of energy from the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids.
Ruminant animals (cattle and sheep)
6) The carbon atoms of cholesterol are derived from _____
Acetyl CoA
7) The following reaction requires the presence of beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
NAD+
8) In animals the function of peroxisomal b-oxidation appears to be
OX of odd chain fatty acids
9) The acetyl-CoA derived from glyoxysomal b-oxidation is converted to carbohydrate via the
10. Refsum’s disease results from a buildup of _________ in nerve tissue.
phytanic acid
11) Which of the following is not one of the ketone bodies?
B-methyl- glutate
Ketone bodies INCLUDE: Excess Acetyl CoA, Acetone, Acetoacetate and Beta-hydroxybutyrate.
12. Most eicosanoids are derived from either _________.
arachidonic acid
13) Glycerol from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols is transported by the blood to the
Liver
14) The intermediates in fatty acid synthesis are linked through a ______ linkage to ACP.
thioester
15) Saturated fatty acids containing up to 16 carbon atoms are assembled in
cytoplasm
16) Fatty acid synthesis begins with the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form
malonyl COA.
17) All of the following are enzymatic activities found in fatty acid synthase except
liboxygenase
18) Desaturation of fatty acids involves
ER enzymes
Acyl-CoA molecules denatured in ER membrane in precense of NADH, uses ctochrome b5 reductase, cytocrom b5, and o2-dependent desaturases, desaturases in animals
19) Which of the following types of fatty acid oxidation produces a dicarboxylic
acid?
alpha oxidation
20) The conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA is inhibited by
epinephrine and phosphorylation
21) The conversion of acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine is inhibited by
malonyl COA.
22) In conjugation reactions
Amol'cs solubility is increased by convertiting it into a derivative that contains a water soluble group and common examples include amides and esters
23) Depending on an animal’s metabolic needs, fatty acids may be converted to triacylglycerols, energy or
membrane synthesis.
24) Membrane remodeling
Cells use phospholipases to alter the flexibility of membranes by adjusting the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids or to replace a damaged fatty acid. Fatty acid removal from a phospholipid is followed by a reacylation reaction catalyzed by an acyltransferase.
25) The conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine requires
Nucleotides
26) The sulfatides are synthesized when galactocerebriose reacts with
3-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate.
Galactocerebroside
27) __________ is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR)
28) The conversion of squalene to cholesterol requires
NADPH and NADH
29) Cholesterol is a precursor of synthesis of important metabolites used to
form bile salt, bile salts, steroid hormones nascent lipoproteins.
30) Most bile acids are conjugated with
glycine or taurine.
31) Which of the following tissues cannot use fatty acids as a fuel?
Brain cells and RBC cannot use fatty acids as fuels.
32) Lipolysis is used to:
occurs during fasting, vigorous exercise and in response to stress
Mobilizes body's fat storage when energy reserves are low
Fatty acid binding proteins are responsible for transporting fatty acids into target organelles
Oxidation of the carbon farthest from the carbonyl group of a fatty acid is called
omega oxidation
34) In the process of thiolytic cleavage the following occurs:
Thiolase catalyzes a C-alpha and C-beta cleavage
An acetyl-CoA molecule is realsed
Layroyl-CoA is produced
35) How many FADH2 molecules would be produced in the oxidation of palmitic acid?
7
36) The rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is
acetyl COA Carboxylation to form malonyl CoA
37) Which of the following lipids have signaling functions?
Steroid hormones and prostaglandins.
38) What form of oxidation is characteristic of branched chain fatty acids
alpha oxidation
39) The metabolism of fatty acids is regulated in the short term by allosteric modulators, covalent modification and
hormones
40) The most important mechanism for degrading and eliminating cholesterol is the synthesis of
bile acids in the ER of liver cells.
41) The absorption of triglycerides and other lipid nutrients and their distribution to body tissues is referred to as the
exogenous pathway
42) The pathway in which lipoproteins are transported from the liver to cells is referred to
endogenous pathway
43) Functions of lipids
Storage of energy
Mmb components
Signaling
Protection
The triacylglycerol cycle is :
A mechanism that regulates the level of fatty acid that are available to the body for the energy generation and synthesis of molecules such as phospholipids.
45) The principal means of producing glycerol in the body
glyceroneogensis
46) The recycling rate of triacylglycerols to fatty acids is inhibited by
