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What did Griffith discover? How?
Transformation- wanted to design vaccine to virulent (pneumonia) (s strain is harmful r strain is not) discovered heat killed bacteria transformed to harmless and made it harmful.
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What did Avery discover? How?
DNA is the transforming agent. He used enzymes to isolate all possible agents of transmformation including protien, RNA, and DNA.
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What did Hershey and Chase discover?
They wanted to know the hereditary molecule of viruses that infect bacteriophages. Used radioactive isotopes, discovered it was DNA.
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What did Rosalind Franklin discover?
x-ray defraction work led to discvoery of double helix
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What did Watson and Crick discover?
DNA double helix
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What year was Watson and Crick's paper published?
1953
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What was Watson and Crick's paper about?
DNA made two chains wrapped in a helix, explains how replication works.
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What elements are in DNA?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
5-C sugar, Phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
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What are purines?
Dobule ringed structures, including adenine and guanine
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What are pyrimidines?
single ringed structures including tyhmine cytosine and uracil
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What are the complementary pairings?
- adenine-thymine (2H bonds)
- cytosine-guanine (3H bonds)
- adenine-uracil (2H Bonds)
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What is DNA Repilcation?
process of copying NDA before any cell divison
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What enzyme is responsible for DNA Replication?
DNA polymerase
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Briefly Compare/Contrast RNA and DNA
- DNA RNA
- -Deoxyribose -Ribose
- -Double Stranded -Single Stranded
- -Stores info -Leaves nucleus
- -Thymine - Uracil
- -Makes proteins
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What is transcription? What enzyme is responsible for it?
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What is translation? (gene expression)
RNA to protein
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What does mRNA do?
carries instructions from gene to make protein
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What does tRNA do?
takes amino acids to ribosome to make proteins
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What does rRNA do?
part of ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs
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What is a codon? anticodon? amino acid?
- three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes for an amino acid
- anti- complementary to codon
- amino- carboxyl, amino group= protein monomer
- *REMEMBER for amino chart use mRNA*
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Why must there be a triplet DNA code?
three DNA latters needed to produce enough combinations for 20 amino acids
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How are RNA moelcules edited before leaving nucleus in eukaryotes?
- post transcriptional editing- removes introns (junk DNA)
- adds a cap on the 5' end (CH3 group- methylated)
- adds a polyadeninated tail on the 3' end
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What is a change in the genetice code? What is it caused by?
- mutation- caused by a change in the nucleotide sequence
- insertion/deletion(frameshift), substitution
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What is the difference between a gene and chromosome mutation?
Gene mutation is a mistake in the DNA and is coded for, chromosome is physically missing.
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Compare and contrast point mutation and frameshift.
- substition- won't code for the right protein
- frameshift- there will be extra parts of nucleotide sequence, and the end of the chain won't be right
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What are the four types of chromosomal mutations?
Duplication, inversion, translocation(part breaks off and attatches somewhere else), deletion
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What is an operon? What organism has them?
- gene that codes for specific products and regulatory elements for these genes
- bacteria
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Describe a promoter.
DNA segment that initiates RNA transcription (recognized by RNA polymerase)
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Describe an operator.
DNA segment that serves as a kind of switch that allows RNA Polymerase's access to promoter
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Describe a repressor.
protein that inhibits a gene from being expressed
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Describe an inducer.
Lactose binds to repressor protein- detatches from operator now free reign for RNA polymerase
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