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What 5 type of pregnant women is it necessary for them to take supplements?
-women of low SES
-pregnant teenagers
-mothers with poor diet
-multiple fetuses
-vegetarians
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HOw much of a fluid increases should be consumed per day?
3 liters
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what 6 things demand pregnant women to drink more water?
-increase in maternal blood volume
-body temperature regulation
-production of amniotic fluid
-combat fluid retention
-constipation
-reduce urinary tract infections
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Nutrition related concerns- Arund what time does Morning sickness occur?
any time often all day
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Nutrition related concerns- When does morning sickness began? HOw long does it last?
begins after the first missed period; lasts 12 to 16 weeks
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Nutrition related concerns- Is there a cure for morning sickness?
no, they can only be reduced
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Nutrition related concerns-What is morning sickness?
nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy
***might be because of hormone imbalance
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Nutrition related concerns- Cravings and aversions- What is Pica?
craving a non-food item
***ice,clay
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Nutrition related concerns- Why do cravings and aversions occur?
due to hormonal fluctuations, physiologic changes, or familial cultural roots
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Nutrition related concerns- Does having cravings and aversions mean there is a deficiency?
there is little evidence that supports the idea that cravings indicate a deficiency
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Nutrition related concerns- How can heartburns and indigestion occur ? (2)
-enlargement of the uterus pushes up on the stomach and compounds the problem
-hormones in pregnancy relax smooth muscles, increasing heartburn.
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Nutrition related concerns- What is a hemorrhoids?
swollen varicose veins in the rectum that are caused by or exarcerbated by constipation
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Nutrition related concerns-How can constipation and hemorrhoids occur?
pregnancy hormones that cause smooth muscles to relax also slow the movement of material through the large intestine
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Nutrition related concerns-what is Gestational diabetes?
-insufficient insulin production or
-insulin resistance that increases blood glucose levels during pregnancy
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Nutrition related concerns- what percent of pregnancies will be exposed to gestational diabetes?
7 percent
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Nutrition related concerns- Does gestational diabetes stay or leave after pregnancy?
the condition resolves after birth occurs
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Nutrition related concerns- What can uncontrolled blood glucose levels lead to?
preeclampsia
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Nutrition related concerns- gestational hypertension- What induces preeclampsia?
pregnancy induces hypertension
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Nutrition related concerns- What is the only cure for preeclampsia?
childbirth
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Nutrition related concerns- what can happen if preeclampsia is left untreated?
fatal
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Nutrition related concerns-What percent will be exposed to preeclampsia?
7-8 percent
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Nutrition related concerns- Who is more at risk to acquire preeclampsia? (3)
deficiencies in vitamin C, Vitamin E, and magnesium
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Are pregnant teenagers more prone to birth complications?
yes
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If a vegetarian is eating diary and egg products, will they be safer than regular vegetarians?
no
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which 6 nutrients should vegetarians monitor their intake carefully?
-vitamin D
-vit. B6
- vit. B12
-calcium
-iron
-zinc
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Why is calorie restriction bad for pregnancy?
limits nutrients availability for the mothers and the fetus
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How many cups of coffee per day AND harmful
more than 2 cups of coffee can increase the risk of miscarriage and low-birth weight
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can caffeine affect the fetus?
yes, it crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus
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What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
a variety of characteristics associated with prenatal exposure to high quantities of alcohol
- *malformations of face,limbs,heart
- *many developmental disabilities
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Does alcohol cross the placenta?
yes, it is a teratogen
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When smoking during pregnancy, is fetal blood flow increased or reduced?
reduced
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What can maternal smoking do to the fetus?
it is exposed to toxins
***increase risk of birth complications
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How do newborns suffer from drugs passing through the placenta ?
newborns suffer withdrawal symptoms
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(birth spacing) What should be the minimum month span between births recommended?
27 month span
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(birth spacing) shortened length may cause...(2)
-low birth weight and premature delivery
-birth complications
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5 things that exercise do to pregnant women?
-keeps them fit
-great mood booster
-helps compensate for increased appetite
-helps keep blood pressure down
-easier to lose weight after pregnancy
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What is lactation?
production of breast milk
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What is prolactin?
hormone responsible for the synthesis of milk
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What is oxyticin?
hormone responsible for milk let down
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When is prolactin produced?
by end of pregnancy
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what suppresses prolactin until brith? (2)
estrogen and progesterone
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What is colostrum rich in? (4)
-proteins
-antibodies
-vitamins
-minerals
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How long is colostrum prodcued for?
up to 7 days after birth
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What bacteria does colostrum contain?
lactobacillus bifidus
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2 other things besides nutrients that colostrum contain
-contains certain immune factors
- -has laxative properties
- *helps get rid of the poop that looks like tar
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What is the main protein in mature milk?
lactalbumin
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what other 2 things does mature milk contain?
-iron binding proteins
-immune proteins
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what happens to the fat composition in the mature milk after each feeding?
it increases its fat composition
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How long does feeding take?
20 minutes
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What is foremilk?
mature milk that is watery and low in fat
**this happens in the beginning
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What is hindmilk?
- mature milk that is very high in fat
- **happens after awhile of breastfeeding. comes after foremilk
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HOw many calories a day does milk productuon require?
700-800 calories a day
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How many calories should lactating women consume a day for the first 6 months?
330 calories per day pre-pregnancy
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How many calories should lactating women consume after the first 6 months?
400 calories pre-pregnancy
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How many grams of protein does a lactating women need per day?
15-20 grams above pre-pregnancy needs
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How many carbs are required per day for lactating women?
80 grams above pre-pregnancy
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What is the primary carbohydrate for breast milk?
lactose
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What else does breast milk contain besides proteins and carbs? (3)
-omega 3 fatty acids
-readily absorbed calcium
-magnesium
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whats the number of calories per pound a day should a infant in their first year consume?
40-50 cal per pound a day
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Whats the percentage of fats in a diet of a first year infant?
40-50%
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How fast do infants grow in their first year?
10 inches and they triple their weight
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what are the 5 nutrient infants in their first year should place special attention to?
-iron
-vit. D
-zinc
-flouride
-iodine
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why are infants nutritional needs unique?
-energy needs are high bc of rapid growth
-digestive tracts and kidneys still immature
-small in size
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micronutrients supplementation- Vitamin D?
bc of limited exposure to sunlight
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micronutrients supplementation- iron?
stores are depleted by the 6th month
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micronutrients supplementation- flouride?
for tooth development
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micronutrients supplementation- vitamin b12?
if the mother is vegan
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Is water essential during breast feeding?
not required unless loss is excessive
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How long does World Health Organization recommends to breastfeed?
for the first 2 years
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When should breat milk or formula be supplemented with otehr foods?
4 to 6 months
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3 advantages of bottle feeding
-convenient if mother is sick
-some women are not comfortable
-commercial formula contains all the nutrients
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