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What are the different female reproductive diseases?
- puppy vaginitis
- pyometra
- dystocia
- pseudopregnancy
- mastitis
- eclampsia
- tumors
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What is puppy vaginitis?
inflammation of the vagina
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How do puppies get vaginitis?
secondary infection from overgrowth of resident flora
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What are the clinical signs of puppy vaginitis?
vulvar discharge
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How do we treat puppy vaginitis?
- systemic antibiotics
- usually resolves after first estrus or spaying
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What is pyometra?
pus in the uterus
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Which female dogs get pyometra?
older, intact
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How do dogs get pyometra?
chronic exposure to progesterone
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What causes pyometra?
- hyperplasia and hypertrophy of endometrial glands of the uterus
- increased accumulation of secretions in the uterus
- decreased myometrial contractions
- secondary bacterial infection
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What are the common organisms that cause pyometra?
- Escherichia coli
- Staphylococcus spp
- Streptococcus spp
- Klebsiella
- Pasteurella
- Proteus
- Moraxella
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How can estrogen compounds affect a female dog?
can cause pyometra, endometritis 1 - 10 weeks after administration
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Can pyometra occur in cats?
yes, but its not common
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What the two types of pyometra?
- open pyometra
- closed pyometra
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What is open pyometra?
cervix open - discharge
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What is closed pyometra?
cervix closed
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What are the clinical signs of pyometra?
- may have purulent vulvar discharge
- abdominal enlargement
- vomiting
- lethargy
- PU/PD
- systemic illness
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How do we diagnose pyometra?
- clinical signs
- vulvar discharge
- neutrophilia, toxic left shift
- radiographs - dense tubular structures, larger than small intestinal loops
- ultrasound
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What can we see on an ultrasound when there is pyometra?
- can determine uterine size
- can see intraluminal fluid
- can see stump pyometras
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How do we treat pyometra?
- ovariohysterectomy is the treatment of choice
- medical management only if a valuable breeding animal
- open cervix pyometra ill
- not critically ill
- prostaglandin F2 alpha injections
- antibiotics
- may have concurrent urinary tract infections
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What is dystocia?
difficulty giving birth
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What maternal causes of dystocia?
- uterine inertia
- narrow pelvic canal (fracture)
- psychological disturbances
- hypocalcemia
- uterine torsion
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What are some fetal causes of dystocia?
- large fetus
- transverse positioning
- dead fetus
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When it is a dystocia?
- in labor for more than 4 hours without delivery
- more than 1 (or 2) hours between deliveries
- green vaginal discharge develops during parturition
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How do we diagnose dystocia?
- normal variation in parturition can make diagnosis difficult
- physical exam
- dog is systemically ill
- digital rectal or vaginal exam
- radiographs
- ultrasound
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What will we see on a digital rectal or vaginal exam that can determine dystocia?
- no pup in birth canal
- pup lodged in canal
- malposition of the fetus
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What will we see on a radiograph that can help diagnose dystocia?
- dead pups in uterus - gas in uterus, skeletal collapse
- large number of pups in a fatigued mother dog
- very large pups
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What will we see on an ultrasound that will help diagnose dystocia?
uterine gas
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How do we treat dystocia?
- manipulation of pup in birth canal
- oxytocin to cause uterine contractions
- Caesarian section
- may spay at time of Caesarian section
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What is a pseudopregnancy?
false pregnancy, pseudocyesis
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When does pseudopregnancy occur?
non-pregnant dog at end of estrus
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What can happen during pseudopregnancy?
- mammary development
- lactation
- whelping behavior
- nursing behavior
- mothering behavior
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Is pseudopregnancy associated with a reproductive tract disease?
no
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How do we diagnose pseudopregnancy?
- estrus 2 months prior
- clinical signs
- may develop mastitis
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How do we treat pseudopregnancy?
- spontaneous remission within 2 - 3 weeks of onset
- Ovaban is the only approved therapy
- short term tranquilization for individuals that become aggressive
- diazepam recommended
- phenothiazines are contraindicated because they can exacerbate the clinical signs
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What is mastitis?
inflammation of the mammary glands
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When does mastitis happen?
post-partum
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Can mastitis occur with pseudopregnancy?
yes
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What usually causes mastitis?
usually an ascending bacterial infection - Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus
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What are the clinical signs of mastitis?
- mammary discomfort, redness
- discolored milk
- fever
- reluctance to nurse
- abscessed glands
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What is the treatment for mastitis?
- antibiotics
- cool or warm compresses
- do not let neonates suckle severely infected glands
- may have to hand-rear the pups
- supportive therapy
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What are some other names for eclampsia?
- hypocalcemia
- puerperal hypocalcemia
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What is hypocalcemia?
inadequate stores of usable calcium
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Can hypocalcemia be life-threatening?
yes
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What dogs is elcampsia most common in?
small breeds with large litters
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When do we usually see eclampsia?
usually seen at peak lactation - 1 to 3 weeks post-partum
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What is eclampsia?
mother dog's body is unable to draw enough calcium from her bones and she is not able to ingest enough oral calcium
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Is calcium supplementation during pregnancy necessary to prevent eclampsia?
no
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What are the clinical signs of eclampsia?
- neurological changes
- tremors, muscle fasciculation (twitching)
- ataxia
- weakness
- disorientation
- collapse
- seizures
- coma
- death
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How do we treat eclampsia that have mild clinical signs?
- calcium gluconate IM or SQ
- oral calcium gluconate with vitamin D
- puppies may continue to nurse
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How do we treat eclampsia that have severe clinical signs?
- calcium gluconate IV, auscult heart
- remove pups for 24 hours
- daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation
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What does calcium gluconate treat?
- cardiotoxic
- dysrhythmias
- bradycardia
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Are tumors of ovaries and uterus are uncommon in dogs and cats?
no
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Where are tumors of the female reproductive tract common?
vaginal and vulvar tumors are the most common tumors of the canine female genital tract
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What are 50% of all tumors in female dogs?
mammary tumors
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What types of animals get mammary tumors?
older dogs and cats
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What is linked to the development of mammary tumors?
estrogen and progesterone
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What is the risk of dogs getting mammary tumors if they are spayed before their first heat?
0.5%
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What is the risk of a dog getting mammary tumors if they are spayed after their first heat?
8%
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What is the risk of a dog getting mammary tumors if they are spayed after 2 or more heats?
26%
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What percent of mammary tumors are benign in dogs? Cats?
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What are the clinical signs of mammary tumors ?
- palpable firm nodule in the mammary gland or chain
- single or multiple nodules
- surrounding tissue may be involved
- may have skin ulceration
- cats - dyspnic from lung metastases
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How do we diagnose mammary tumors?
- clinical signs
- definitive diagnosis - biopsy - by wedge or complete excision
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How do we treat mammary tumors?
- surgical excision
- cats - radical mastectomy due to aggressiveness of tumors
- may also spay
- chemotherapy not proven to be very effective
- antiestrogen treatment - some tumors are hormone sensitive and some are not - use tamoxifen (Novadex)
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What are some male reproductive diseases?
- benign prostatic hyperplasia
- prostatitis
- prostatic neoplasia
- testicular neoplasia
- paraphimosis
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Where and what is the prostate?
- caudal to the bladder
- encircles the proximal urethra at the neck of the bladder
- produces fluid that transports sperm during ejaculation
- increases in size as the dog ages
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What happens to a dogs prostate when they are neutered before maturity?
have normal prostate growth inhibited
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What happens to the prostate if neutered as adults?
the prostate undergoes involution (shrinks)
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_____ of intact male dogs will have hyperplasia?
100%
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What are the clinical signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- asymptomatic
- tenesmus
- may have urethral discharge
- may have hematuria
- palpation - enlarged, nonpainful
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How do we diagnose benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- abdominal radiographs
- ultrasound
- palpation
- biopsy
- positive response to neutering
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What will we see on abdominal radiographs with benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- enlargement
- dorsal displacement of colon
- cranial displacement of bladder
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What is the definitive diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
biopsy
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How do we treat benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- neutering - 70% decrease in size within 7 - 14 days
- if neutering is not feasible: estrogen therapy - causes prostate atrophy and bone marrow suppression
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What is prostatitis?
bacterial infection of the prostate
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What may develop with prostatitis?
abscesses
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What bacteria can cause prostatitis?
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella
- Proteus
- Staphylococcus
- Streptococcus
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What are the clinical signs of prostatitis?
- affects sexually mature dogs
- anorexia
- fever
- lethargy
- stiff gait in rear limbs
- caudal abdominal pain
- dripping fluid from prepuce
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How do we diagnose prostatitis?
- urinalysis - WBCs, bacteria, urine culture and sensitivity
- ultrasound
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How do we treat prostatitis?
- antibiotics - long term
- base antibiotics choice on culture and sensitivity
- neuter
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What are the different types of testicular neoplasia?
- sertoli cell tumors
- interstitial cell tumors
- seminomas
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What can sertoli cell tumors and seminomas do?
may produce estrogen - feminizing effects
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_____ of all tumors in dogs are testicular tumors.
5 - 15%
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Which dogs are at greatest risk for testicular neoplasia?
cryptorchid
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What are the clinical signs of testicular neoplasia?
- testicular enlargement, nodules
- nonpainful
- feminization
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What kind of feminization happens with testicular neoplasia?
- bilateral symmetrical alopecia
- hyperpigmentation of inguinal area
- gynecomastia - excessive mammary development in males
- nonregenerative anemia
- thrombocytopenia
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How do we treat testicular neoplasia?
- neuter
- exploratory laparotomy to find retained testicles
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What is paraphimosis?
- penis protrudes from the preputial sheath
- cannot be replaced to its normal position
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What are the different types of paraphimosis?
- congenital
- trauma
- infection
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What are the clinical signs of paraphimosis?
- depend on duration
- penis - congested, discolored
- excess licking furthers trauma
- look for hair ring
- can cause severe trauma and necrosis of exposed penis
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How do we treat paraphimosis?
- replace penis into prepuce
- lubricants, hyperosmolar solutions, heat or cold
- if cannot get replaced within a few hours, place urethral catheter
- temporary or permanent surgical enlargement of preputial opening
- penile amputation
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