Central nervous system

Cerebrum(basal nuclei, white matter and cerebral cortex), Cerebellum, Brain stem(midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata), and Diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalmus)

Created by tightly connected endothelial cells of CNS, prevent passage of materials from blood to brain or spinal chord

Dura mater(dense, adheres directly to the periosteum of the interior surface of cranial bones),

archonoid mater(made of collagen and elastic fibers, contains subdural space filled with interstitial fluid),

and Pia mater(innermost membrane, adheres titghtly to the surface of the brain and spinal chord).

Lateral ventricles, third ventricles, and fourth ventricles

provides mechanical protection, chemical protection and circulation of nutrients to the brain and spinal cord.

Circulates nutrients to brain and spinal chord, also circulates wastes between blood and nervous tissue

• Midbrain- Reflex Centers
•       -superior colliculi-governs movements
•       -inferior colliculi-auditory pathway, relay impulses, startle reflex
• Extends from pons to diencephalon.

Pons- A bridge, connect to different parts of brain with axons, has white matter. Inferior to midbrain and anterior to cerebellum.

Medulla Oblongata- Primary autonomic control of brain and primary respiratory center.  Forms inferior part of brainstem, inferior to pons and extends to foramen magnum.

Structure:highly folded surface that greatly increases the surface area of its outer gray matter cortex allowing for a greater # of neurons

Function: Primary for muscle contractions. Regulates posture and balance coordinates movement and helps regulate posture and balance

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalmus

Thalamus- relays and processes sensory impulses to the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex(cerebrum).

Epithalamus-  regulates and makes hormones

Hypothalamus- Control Pituitary gland, responsible for production of hormones, control of body temperatures, sleep-wake cycles and partial control of internal organs.

(Cerebral Hemispheres) 2 hemispheres of forebrain

(Cerebral Cortex-surface of cerebral hemispheres consist of grey matter(6 layers)

Basal Nuclei-paired clusters of gray matter deep in each cerebral hemisphere

WhiteMatter-bundles of myelinated or unmeylinated axons in brain and spinal chord

Cerebral Peduncles-conduct impulses fro motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the medulla, pons and spinal cord.

Corpora Quadrigemina-reflex centers for certain  visual activities.

Thalamus-relays almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex, contributes to motor functions by transmitting info from cerebellum.

hypothylamus- controls body temp and regulates eating and drinking behavior

epithalamus- regulates hormones

cortical region rolls and folds upon itself

separates the cerebrum into right and left halves

great commissure of the brain between the cerebral hemisperes

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula

Association-conduct impulses between gyri and same hemisphere

Projection-conduct impulses from cerebrum to lower parts of CNS

commisural-conduct impulses from gyri in one hemisphere

Limbic system-Controls emotions/most involuntary behavior, encircles upper brain system and corpus callosum

Reticular formation-Filter out sensory info(repetitiveness) headed toward cerebrum and thalamus.

helps arouse the body from sleep and maintain consciousness. Motor functions helps regulate posture and muscle tone.

a groove or depression between parts, especially between the convulsions of the brain

Malfunctions of all senses, being able to recognize pain

Primary somatosensory-malfunction of touch, pain and recognition of localization of a sensation

Primary visual-malfunction of eyesight(crossover)

Primary auditory-malfunction of hearing(crossover)

primary gustatory-inability to taste(crossover)

primary olfactory-inability to smell(crossover)

Primary motor-inability to contract muscles, movement(crossover)

Brocha's area-lack of speech affected, and breathing

Somatosensory association-inability to detect orientations of objects

Visual association-inability to recognize what is being seen

auditory association-inability recognize sounds

Wernicke's area-inability to understand

Common integrative-inability to form thoughts

Prefrontal cortex-malfunction of personALITY, intellect, recalling info, foresight

premoter area-malfunction of motor skills, contractions

frontal eye field area-malfunction of eye movement

Electroencyphilogram-recording of electricity in the brain/brainwaves

Delta

Beta-Concentration, actively thinking and problem solving

Theta-Frustration

Alpha-Normal resting adults