Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?
A. pseudostratified columnar
B. simple cuboidal
C. simple columnar
D. simple squamous
D. simple squamous
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.
A. reticular
B. elastic
C. muscle
D. collagen
D. collagen
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.
A. concentric growth
B. appositional growth
C. closing of the epiphyseal plate
D. epiphyseal plate closure
B. appositional growth
Which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts the transport of solute molecules?
A. A
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
A. compact bone
B. spongy bone
C. trabecular bone
D. irregular bone
A. compact bone
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
A. support
B. houses the bone marrow which produces blood cells (hematopoiesis)
C. communication
D. storage of minerals
C. communication
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.
A. blood vessels and nerve fibers
B. yellow marrow and spicules
C. cartilage and interstitial lamellae
D. adipose tissue and nerve fibers
A. blood vessels and nerve fibers
Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes. True or False
True
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.
A. sebaceous
B. endocrine
C. exocrine
D. ceruminous
B. endocrine
Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell?
A. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus
B. plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus
C. cytoplasm, nucleus, and lysosome
D. mitochondria, lysosome, and centriole
A. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.
A. stratified squamous
B. simple squamous
C. simple cuboidal
D. transitional
B. stratified squamous
Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion?
A. oxygen
B. a steroid hormone
C. glucose
D. a lipid soluble vitamin
C. glucose
The role of brown fat is to warm the body; whereas, the role of white fat is to store nutrients. True or False
True
Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
A. circulating antibody
B. oxygen transport
C. forms a lipid bilayer
D. molecular transport through the membrane
D. molecular transport through the membrane
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
A. fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
B. primarily uric acid
C. 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
D. metabolic wastes
C. 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.
A. cooling the body by increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high-temperature conditions
B. epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoir
C. resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system
D. the dermis providing the major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other external substances
C. resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
A. fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts
B. ground substance, fibers, and cells
C. collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
D. alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells
B. ground substance, fibers, and cells
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
A. the osteon
B. spongy bone
C. lamellar bone
D. osseous matrix
A. the osteon
In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration. True or False
False; higher solute concentration
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.
A. when the air temperature drops
B. as a protective coating when one is swimming
C. by hormones, especially androgens
D. by high temperatures
C. by hormones, especially androgens
By which mechanism would a steroid molecule diffuse into the cell?
D. A
Connective tissue matrix is composed of ________.
A. all organic compounds
B. fibers and ground substance
C. cells and fibers
D. ground substance and cells
B. fibers and ground substance
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels. True or False
False
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
A. it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock
B. the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus
C. it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock
D. the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
D. the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
A. the papillary layer
B. the reticular layer
C. the subcutaneous layer
D. the hypodermal layer
A. is not an epithelial classification
B. lines most of the respiratory tract
C. aids in digestion
D. possesses no goblet cells
B. lines most of the respiratory tract
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
A. They are the main sites of photosynthesis.
B. They build cholesterol.
C. They are the primary sites of protein production in a cell.
D. They are the main sites of ATP production.
D. They are the main sites of ATP production.
Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material. True or False
True
Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?
A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. ribosomes
C. mitochondria
D. Golgi apparatus
B. ribosomes
What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane?
A. Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the
kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.
B. Active transport means that the cell is actively going after substances that it wants to bring into the cell, whereas passive transport means that the cell just waits for the substance to cross the
membrane.
C. Active transport is used to move substances down their concentration gradient, whereas passive transport is used to move substances against their concentration gradient.
D. Active transport implies that the cell is working with other cells, whereas passive transport implies that the cell does not
cooperate with other cells.
A. Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.
Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin. True or False
True
Chondroblasts ________.
A. within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
B. are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae
C. never lose their ability to divide
D. remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes
A. within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.
A. elastic cartilage
B. hyaline cartilage
C. fibrocartilage
D. adipose tissue
A. elastic cartilage
Which of the following is characteristic of cilia?
A. They move substances in any direction across cell surfaces.
B. They are substantially longer than flagella, and are most easily seen in human sperm cells.
C. They are used for cellular adhesion.
D. They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.
D. They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. True or False
True
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
A. It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.
B. It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
C. The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.
D. It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body.
B. It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
The glycocalyx is often referred to as the "cell coat," which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane. True or Fale
False
The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic?
A. cilia
B. a rich vascular supply
C. dense microvilli
D. fibroblasts
C. dense microvilli
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.
A. the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity
B. differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes
C. interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
D. calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage
C. interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Which cell component helps to maintain the structural integrity of the cell?
A. ribosome
B. cytoskeleton
C. peroxisome
D. centriole
B. cytoskeleton
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands. True or False
False
A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
A. lucidum
B. basale
C. granulosum
D. spinosum
B. basale
The plasma membrane is made primarily of ________.
A. water
B. phospholipids
C. amino acids
D. nucleic acids
B. phospholipids
There is only one cell type in the human body that has a flagellum. True or False
True
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
A. granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum
B. corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
C. basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
D. basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
B. corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
Diffusion is a form of active transport. True or False
False; passive transport.
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
A. usually contains a large amount of matrix
B. usually lines a body cavity
C. typically arranged in a single layer of cells
D. primarily concerned with secretion
A. usually contains a large amount of matrix
What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?
A. bone
B. membranes
C. fascia
D. cartilage
D. cartilage
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
A. fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
B. osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells
C. monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes
D. goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes
A. fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:
A. reticular papillae.
B. hair follicles.
C. dermal papillae.
D. ceruminous glands.
C. dermal papillae.
What is a membrane potential?
A. the ability of the cells to perform their specialized functions
B. cooperation between cells
C. the possibility of cell activity
D. a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane
D. a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
A. stratum corneum
B. stratum granulosum
C. stratum lucidum
D. stratum basale
D. stratum basale
The resilience of bone is primarily due to which of the following?
A. amount of mineral salts in the bone
B. presence of osteoblasts in the bone
C. amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone
D. sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules
D. sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.
D. Its primary function is nutrient storage.
Which type of cell junction acts as anchors and distributes tension through a cellular sheet and reduces the chance of tearing when it is subjected to great mechanical stress?
A. desmosomes
B. connexons
C. tight junctions
D. gap junctions
A. desmosomes
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.
A. blood-forming cells
B. Sharpey's fibers
C. fat
D. elastic tissue
C. fat
Epithelial tissues always exhibit apica-basal polarity; meaning that cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal surface. True or False
True
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces?
A. lacunae
B. epiphyseal plate
C. Haversian system
D. epiphyseal line
B. epiphyseal plate
Cholesterol helps to stabilize the cell membrane while decreasing the mobility of the phospholipids. True or False
True
Which of the following events might the solid arrow at the bottom of B represent?
A. the movement of a specific protein from the membrane to the cytoplasm
B. the transport of specific chemical messengers into the cell
C. the conversion of a chemical messenger molecule into a specific product
D. the activation of specific cytoplasmic enzymes
D. the activation of specific cytoplasmic enzymes
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
A. Stratified columnar
B. Pseudostratified columnar
C. Transitional
D. Stratified cuboidal
B. Pseudostratified columnar
The structural unit of spongy is called ________.
A. trabeculae
B. osseous lamellae
C. lamellar bone
D. osteons
A. trabeculae
Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue.
D. "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen. True or False
False
Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin. True or False
False
Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?
A. the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
B. a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae
C. a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
D. a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
A. the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues. True or False
True
Diffusion movement always occurs from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration. True or False
True
Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid?
A. pinocytosis
B. transcytosis
C. receptor-mediated endocytosis
D. phagocytosis
