Lifespan Development-Emerging Adulthood

• life course persistent offender: criminal activity began in adolescence but persists through life and can worsen
• adolescence limited offender: a person whose criminal activity stops by 21

• Neurological: attention span, low IQ, hyperactivity
• Contextual: domestic violence, low SES, deviant friends

• starts as early as ten
• widespread use ages 10-25 then decreases
• using prior to 18 correlates with use after 25
• boys do more drugs than girls
• most us adolescents aren't regular users
• 20% have never tried drugs

• Tobacco: impacts growth, damages heart, lungs, brain, and reproductive system
• Alcohol: impacts memory and self control, serious consequences for alcoholics, most frequently abused, does permanent brain damage
• Marijuana: impacts memory, language, and motivation; can be addictive, more likely to drop out of school

• generational forgetting: the current generation forgets what the prior learned
• drug use starts social and then gets progressive
• scare tactics might increase drug use (invincibility complex)

• good health, time for child bearing and physical labor, full height at beginning of stage, full brain at the end
• lung capacity, steady heart, strong muscles, in balance, good time to go through stress

process of aging where body becomes less strong and efficient starts at the end of emerging adulthood

• high sex drive
• low likelihood for infertility
• birth has minimal complications
• sex hormones peak around 20
• christians/mormons get married young because sex drive is so strong

• interactions of genetics (diathesis) and environment/life events trigger psychopathology
• genetics loads the gun and environment triggers it

• most common are bipolar and major depression
• progression gets more severe as we age
• 2+ weeks is the change from situational to major depression
• even if these people want to be alone it is best to acknowledge it and be with others

• 25% of people under 25 struggle
• OCD, PTSD, generalized anxiety
• worldwide more common than depression (but not in US)

• 1% have it in the US 
• symptoms begin in adolescence but it is often diagnosed at this stage
• delusions, hallucinations, etc.

• lower blood pressure, increase heart and lung strength
• helps with mood disorders (first line of defense is eating, exercising, sleeping) 
• prevents some major diseases 
• those who aren't fit now will have problems later on

• choosing occupations or activities that involve a degree of risk or danger
• more willingness to take risks at this age
• enjoyment of danger (by carrying guns, not wearing seatbelts, etc.)

• abuse: ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs biological or psychological well-being
• addiction: dependence on a drug to the extent that not taking it would cause psychological or biological withdrawal symptoms

students overestimate how much their peers are actually drinking/doing drugs and therefore think there is more pressure to do them themselves

• extends adolescent thinking
• more practical thinking and more flexible in our thinking
• dialectical thinking: we can look at two different views of an issue and recognize their validity without agreeing 
• less concern with absolute right and wrong

is a struggle at the beginning but we become good at it later on in this stage

• tendency to ignore future consequences and rewards and prefer immediate gratification
• i.e. going to the beach now but having to pull an all-nighter later

• we can be adaptive in our thoughts
• recognize there are multiple views in an issue
• we can combine sub/obj thought
• valuing other perspectives even if you don't agree 
• it's still important to involve emotions but still be intellectual about things

• one's appearance or behavior will be misread by others to confirm stereotypes
• the mere possibility of being stereotyped is enough to cause anxiety and crack under pressure

• Thesis: statement of belief
• Antithesis: opposing view of thesis
• Synthesis: ability to integrate the two
• the idea that every truth has an opposite and that by recognizing this we can better weigh the arguments and possibilities

• Carol Gilligan student of Kohlberg
• women are looking more at relationships in moral decisions

• Kohlberg
• males emphasize justice over compassion and relationships 
• more black/white decisions

• Defining Issues Test
• way to measure moral thinking by having test taker rank possible solutions to dilemmas 
• age more than gender plays a difference

• Stage 1 Intuitive Projective: faith is magical, illogical, and filled with fantasy. ages 3-7
• Stage 2 Mythic Literal: take myths and stories of religion literally, God rewards those who follow and punish those who don't. Ages 7-11 and onward.
• Stage 3 Synthetic Conventional: valuing what feels right over what makes sense. a 'conformist' stage. 
• Stage 4 Individual Reflect: detachment from values of culture and from approval of others. Faith becomes an active commitment
• Stage 5 Conjunctive Faith: incorporates both powerful emotional ideas and rational conscious values. people are okay with contradiction. 
• Stage 6 Universalizing faith: vision of universal compassion and justice often based on a transformational experience. others see them as saintly or foolish.

• student demographics: college is no longer just for elite, more women than men, more minorities than ever before 
• parent income is still highest predictor of going to college

• rising self-esteem and happiness
• life transitions aid self esteem
• personality isn't as fixed as we once thought (the bulk stays the same though)
• become less self-centered and more caring for others

• men/men friendships: tend to share more activities and interests and talk less about emotions, demand less of friendships, tolerate more
• women/women friendships: more intimate but not necessarily better, more women think they are incompatible with college roommate than men

• Robert Sternberg
• passion: 'falling in love', intense onslaught characterized by excitement and euphoria. hormones. doesn't have to involve getting to know someone
• Intimacy: knowing someone well, emotionally and sexually
• Commitment: gradual growth through decisions to be together and care for each other. beneficial to be around other people who are encouraging

• having too many choices that thoughtful decision making becomes impossible
• social media and its effects on romance

• homogamy: marriage of two individuals who are similar in interests, goals, status, etc.
• heterogamy: marriage of two individuals who are dissimilar in these areas

similarity of a couple's leisure interests and role preferences

• communication
• social homogamy
• financial security
• ending an addiction or illness

a situation where one partner wants to address an issue and one refuses which results in one being insistent in talk while the other cuts short the conversation

• fighting bought on by situation and not deeper personality problems
• often both partners are abusers and victims

• violent and demeaning for of abuse where the victim is frightened to fight back or seek help
• physical and psychological harm

• if someone has already spent money time or effort on a goal, they should continue to do so even if it is failing
• sending more troops into a losing battle 
• trying to fix a car that is a lemon

• a person ignores the overall frequency of some behavior/event when making decisions 
• a person might bet on a lucky lottery number even though it isn't actually more likely to come up