Transport sugars in glycoprotein synthesis
Bind carbohydrate on the cell surface of bacteria
Bind to oxygenated carotenes
Serve as precursors of carotenoids
They are degradation products of steroids
A
Plasma lipoproteins transport _______ through the blood from one organ to another.
Triacylglycerols
Phospholipids
Cholesteryl esters
Both A and C are correct
All of the above are correct
E
_________ are the principal transporters of cholesteryl esters to tissues.
Chylomicrons
Very low density lipoprotein
Intermediate density lipoprotein
Low density lipoprotein
All of the above are true
D
Individuals with cystic fibrosis have a defective _______ ion channel in their epithelial membrane
Water
Chloride
Potassium
Protein
Sodium
B
A consequence of replacing dietary fat content with sugars is
No effect on body weight
An increase in body weight
A small loss of body weight
A large decrease in body weight
An initial loss of weight followed by a large increase in body weight
B
Which of the following is not a consequence of a low fat diet?
Low levels of fat soluble vitamins
Low levels of essential fatty acids
Brittle hair
Poor would healing
Low blood pressure
E
43) Phospholipase B hydrolyzes ______ ester bonds in phospholipids
C-1
C-2
C-3
Both C-1 and C-2
All of the above
D
44) Which of the following is not a function of phospholipases?
Membrane remodeling
Signal transduction
Energy storage
Digestion
Toxic Phospholipases
C
45) Membranes are rigid when they contain
Large amounts of cholesterol
Large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids
Large amounts of saturated fatty acids
Large amounts of water
A and B
C
46) Flippase transfers _________ from the outer to inner membrane leaflet
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Triacylglycerols
Glycolipids
Water
A
1. How many acetyl-CoA’s are required to synthesize one molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate
3
2. ______ is used to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria.
B-Oxidation and carnitine carrier system
3) The b-oxidation of fatty acids requires_________.
Acyl-CoA, FAD, NAD+, and CoASH
4. ________, a product of the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, is converted to succinyl-CoA.
Propionyl-CoA
5) __________ derive a substantial amount of energy from the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids.
Ruminant animals (cattle and sheep)
6) The carbon atoms of cholesterol are derived from _____
Acetyl CoA
7) The following reaction requires the presence of beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
NAD+.
NAD+
8) In animals the function of peroxisomal b-oxidation appears to be
OX of odd chain fatty acids
9) The acetyl-CoA derived from glyoxysomal b-oxidation is converted to carbohydrate via the
10. Refsum’s disease results from a buildup of _________ in nerve tissue.
phytanic acid
11) Which of the following is not one of the ketone bodies?
B-methyl- glutate
Ketone bodies INCLUDE: Excess Acetyl CoA, Acetone, Acetoacetate and Beta-hydroxybutyrate.
12. Most eicosanoids are derived from either _________.
arachidonic acid
13) Glycerol from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols is transported by the blood to the
Liver
14) The intermediates in fatty acid synthesis are linked through a ______ linkage to ACP.
thioester
15) Saturated fatty acids containing up to 16 carbon atoms are assembled in
cytoplasm
16) Fatty acid synthesis begins with the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form
malonyl COA.
17) All of the following are enzymatic activities found in fatty acid synthase except
liboxygenase
18) Desaturation of fatty acids involves all of the following except
Desaturation is important in the regulation of membrane fluidity(done in
ER) and the synthesis of the precursors for a variety of fatty acid
derivatives such as the eicosanoids.
The system efficiently introduces double bonds (desaturation) into
long-chain fatty acids
Mediated by an electron transport system
(The answer will be none of the above)
INVOLVES: Cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome b5 and desaturase, NADH, O2
19) Which of the following types of fatty acid oxidation produces a dicarboxylic
acid?
alpha oxidation
20) The conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA is inhibited by
glucagon, epinephrine, paltimitoyl coa
21) The conversion of acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine is inhibited by
malonyl COA.
22) In conjugation reactions
This reaction improve the water solubility of a molecule by converting it to a derivatives (Amid and Esters) that contains a water-soluble group.
Most bile acids are conjugated with glycine
23) Depending on an animal’s metabolic needs, fatty acids may be converted to triacylglycerols, energy or
membrane synthesis.
24) Membrane remodeling
Cells use phospholipases to alter the flexibility of membranes by adjusting the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids or to replace a damaged fatty acid. Fatty acid removal from a phospholipid is followed by a reacylation reaction catalyzed by an acyltransferase.
25) The conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine requires
26) The sulfatides are synthesized when galactocerebriose reacts with
3-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate.
Galactocerebroside
27) __________ is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR)
28) The conversion of squalene to cholesterol requires
sterol carrier protein because the conversion of squalene to lanosterol occurs while the intermediates are bound to this protein.
The answer is NADPH
29) Cholesterol is a precursor of synthesis of important metabolites used to
form bile salt, bile salts, steroid hormones nascent lipoproteins.
30) Most bile acids are conjugated with
glycine or taurine.
31) Which of the following tissues cannot use fatty acids as a fuel?
Brain cells and RBC cannot use fatty acids as fuels.
32) Lipolysis is used to:
Lipolysis is the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of triacylglycerol molecules.
When energy reserves are low, the body’s fat stores are mobilized in this process. It usually occurs during fasting or vigorous exercise and stress
form fatty acids and glycerol from degradation of triacylglycerols when energy reserves are low.
Oxidation of the carbon farthest from the carbonyl group of a fatty acid is called
omega oxidation
34) In the process of thiolytic cleavage the following occurs:
an acetyl-CoA molecule is released
The other product, acyl-CoA, contains two fewer C atoms
35) How many FADH2 molecules would be produced in the oxidation of palmitic acid?
7
36) The rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is
acetyl COA Carboxylation
37) Which of the following lipids have signaling functions?
Steroid hormones and prostaglandins.
38) What form of oxidation is characteristic of branched chain fatty acids
alpha oxidation
39) The metabolism of fatty acids is regulated in the short term by allosteric modulators, covalent modification and
hormones
40) The most important mechanism for degrading and eliminating cholesterol is the synthesis of
bile acids in the ER of liver cells.
41) The absorption of triglycerides and other lipid nutrients and their distribution to body tissues is referred to as the
exogenous pathway
42) The pathway in which lipoproteins are transported from the liver to cells is referred to
endogenous pathway
43) Which of the following is not a function of lipids:
Function of lipids : vital energy reserves, primary structural components of biological membranes, act as hormones, antioxidants, pigments, or vital growth factors and vitamins
Highly efficient and compact energy storage molecules
Essential components of biological membranes (phospholipids, cholesterol, sphingolipids)
Diverse membrane-associated molecules that have signaling or protective functions
The triacylglycerol cycle is :
A mechanism that regulates the level of fatty acid that are available to the body for the energy generation and synthesis of molecules such as phospholipids.
45) The principal means of producing glycerol in the body
glyceroneogensis
46) The recycling rate of triacylglycerols to fatty acids is inhibited by
insulin
1) The glutamate family of amino acids includes all of the following except _____.
C.
2) Which of the following is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter?
D.
3) All of the following are referred to collectively as the branched chain amino acids except _________
E.
4) Which of the following is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA is most prevalent inhibitory
Glycine
Glycine is used as a precursor molecule in the synthesis of all of the following except _______.
Glycine is used in the purine, porphyrin, and glutathione synthetic pathways
6) In plants fixed nitrogen is assimilated into __________.
the amide group of glutamate
7) a-Ketoisovalerate is an intermediate formed during the synthesis of _________.
valine and leucine
8) The group of molecules called the catecholamines include all of the following except
The most abundant ones ARE: Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine.
9) Tryptophan is a precursor in the synthesis of _________.
Serotonin
Niacin
auxin
β-carboline norharman
10) Chorismate is a precursor in the synthesis of all of the following except _______.
11) Molecules involved in histidine synthesis include ________.
phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP), ATP, and glutamine
folic acid
A vitamin of the B complex, found esp. in leafy green vegetables, liver, and kidney. A deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia
13) SAM is a methyl donor in the synthesis of ______.
115 transmethylation reactions some which which occur in the synthesis of phospholipids,several neurotransmitters, and glutathione.
14) Amethopterin is a structural analogue of _________.
Folate
GSH is? Important why?
It is an antioxidant, preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides. May reduce cancer development
16) All of the following are purine bases except _____.
purine bases include: adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine.
17) Deficiency of _____________ causes Lesch-Nyhan syndrome