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What are the two main areas of the liver?
The lobules and portal area
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How hepatocytes arranged?
in cords or strings with sinusoids (large capillaries) between the plates
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What are sinusoids?
Large capillaries
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What is another name for alarge capillary?
Sinusoid
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Bile canaliculi are found where?
Between the hepatocytes
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What do bile canalaculi do?
Carry bile to the portal area, where it is dumped into the bile ducts
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Give a basic structural and functional overview of the histology of the liver:
The liver is composed of a lobules and a portal area. Hepatocytes are arranged in strings or cords with sinusoids between plates. Bile canalaculi are positioned between the hepatocytes, where they collect bile and carry it to the portal area, where the bile is dumped into bile ducts.
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What are the five main functions of the liver?
- Production of Bile Salts
- Removal of Bilirubin
- Detoxification of drugs and poisons
- Metabolism of Nitrogenous substances
- Production of Serum proteins
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What is the purpose of Bile Salts?
Aids fat absorption in the intestines
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What does the liver do with the Bilirubin it removes?
Conjugates with glucuronide and excretes it into the Bile
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What is Bilirubin?
A breakdown product of Hemoglobin
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What breakdown product of hemoglobin is removed by the liver, conjugated with glucuronide, and excreted into the Bile?
Bilirubin
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Break down of dead cells produces what substance that the liver then metabolizes?
Nitrogenous substances
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Where do nitrogenous substances come from?
Breakdown of dead cells
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Give two examples of serum proteins that the liver produces:
albumin and prothrombin
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What is the significance of albumin and prothrobin to the liver?
They are both produced in the liver
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What Vitamin is required for the liver to produce prothrombin?
Vitamin K
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Vitamin K is needed to produce what?
Prothrombin
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Low Prothrombin levels indicate what?
Vitamin K deficiency or severe liver disease
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What indicates severe liver disease or low Vit. K deficiency?
Low Prothrombin levels
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What is the orientation of the pancreas to the abdomen?
Horizontal in the mid-abdomen
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Describe the pancreas:
glandular organ lying horizontal in teh mid-abdomen
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What general types of glandular cells are in the pancreas?
Exocrine and Endocrine
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The exocrine glands of the pancreas produce what general product?
Digestive enzymes
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What part of the pancreas produces digestive enzymes?
The exocrine portion
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Where are pancreatic secretions delivered to?
The duodenum
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What route do pancreatic secretions take to get from the pancreas to the duodenum?
Via the pancreatic duct
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What digestive enzymes are produces in teh exocrine cells of teh pancreas?
Lipases, Amylases and Tripsins
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Where are amylases, tripsins and lipases produced?
In the exocrine cells of the pancreas
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What happens if the entire pancreas is removed?
Diabetes
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What re the four signs and symptoms of liver disease?
- Jaundice
- Hepatomegaly
- Pain
- Nausea and Vomiting
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What disease does Hepatomegaly, jaundice, nausea and vomiting and right upper quadrant pain
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Why does liver disease cause jaundice?
An increase in Bilirubin in the blood causes eyes and skin to discolor
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What kind of pain do people with liver disease develop?
Right upper quadrant pain
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What disease other than liver disease cuases painin teh right upper quadrant?
Inflammation of the gall bladder (acute cholecystitis) and Gallstones
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What is another name for Gall stones?
Acute cholecystitis
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What is acute Cholecystitis?
Inflammation of the gall bladder
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Gallstones and Acute cholecystitis cause what type of pain?
Right upper quadrant pain
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Name the five liver function tests:
- Serum Bilirubin
- Total protein, serum albumin
- Aspartate/Alanin amino transferase
- Alkaline phosphatase
- Prothrombin time
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Total protein (serum albumin), Alkaline phosphatase, Aspartate/Alanine aminotransferase, Prothrombin time and serum bilirubin are all tests for what?
Liver function
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What tests are there for the pancreas and gallbladder?
- Serum amylase and lipase, x-ray and ultrasound
- If a patient has cirrhosis or severe liver disease what changes in teh serum would you expect?
- Low serum albumin
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What is elevated during liver inflammation and necrosis?
Aspartate/Alanine aminotransferase
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Aspartate/Alanine aminotransferase is elevated under what conditions?
Liver inflammation and necrosis
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Alkaline phosphatase has high levels during what condition?
Bile duct obstruction
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Bile duct obstruction causes what to rise?
Alkaline phosphatase
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Prothrombin time reflect on what levels?
Prothrombin levels
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