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What is the bodys primary focus in the first decade for a girl?
primary focus on its own growth and development
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What is the bodys primary focus after mentruation begins?
- body begins to offer ova for reproduction
- *releases egg every month ready to fertilize
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What is fertilization?
union of egg spermatozoon to zygote
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healthful diet before conception- 2 things to avoid in your diet
- -avoid teratogens
- *alcohol and drugs
- -avoid other substances
- *caffeine, medications, herbs, suppls.
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healthful diet before conception- What range should the BMI be in?
19.8 and 26.0 kg
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2 nutrition related disorder during pregnancy.
-gestational diabetes
-preeclampsia
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When do neural tube defects develop?
first few weeks
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How long does a full term pregnancy last?
38 to 42 weeks
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When is first trimester?
conception to week 13
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When is the second trimester?
week 14 to week 27
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when is the third trimester?
week 28 to week 40
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When is the embryonic stage?
day 15 to week 8
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After what week is the developing baby called a fetus?
after week 8
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What happens in the first trimester? (2)
-zygote travels through fallopian tube and implants in wall of uterus
-development of organs, limb buds, facial features, and placenta
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What trimester are embryos extremely vulnerable to teratogens?
during the first trimester
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Placenta development and function-Do maternal and fetus blood ever intemingle? Why or why not?
no, the mothers blood stays in circulatory system while the fetus blood never leaves the fetal vessels
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Placenta development and function- Where does the exchange of materials take place between the mother and fetus?
within the sponge-like endometrium.
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What three things does a placenta mimic the functions of that the fetus will have after birth?
-lungs
-gastrointestinal tract
-kidneys
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What three functions does the placenta provide the fetus with? (3)
-respiratory
-absorptive
-excretory functions
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What does placenta use for fuel?
glucose, it provides glucose to the fetus
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Placenta development and function-What does the increase of blood flow influence?
the rate of oxygen and nutrient delivery and waste exchange
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Placenta development and function- water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and electrolytes cross the placenta via..
passive diffusion
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Placenta development and function- Glucose, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and other nutrients cross the placenta by..
active transport
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2 cahracteristics of 2nd trimeester
-continued development of organ systems
-growth from approximately 3 inches to over one foot long by the end of the second trimester
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What trimester does the fetus gain 3 quarters of its weight?
3rd trimester
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characterisitcs of thrid trimester (3)
-time for considerable growth
-brain growth is also extensive
-lungs become fully mature
***well balanced diet is essential
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What does the fetal-origins hypothesis of later disease risk state?
states that exposure to adverse nutritional and other conditions during critical periods of growth can permanently affect body structures and functions
***may predispose people to having CVD, among other problems
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What are preterm babies?
babies that were born before 38 weeks and may be low birth weight babies
**nutrition plays a role in this condition
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What does small for gestational age indicate?
babies born at term but weigh less than would be expected for their gestational age
***nutrition plays a role in this condition
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What is low birth weight?
any baby born weighing less than 5.5 pounds
***increased risks of infections, learning disabilities, impaired physical development, and death in first year
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An undernourished mother is more likely to...
give birth to a low birth weight baby
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Women who do not gain enough weight during pregnancy are at risk of..
having a low birth weight baby
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the outcome of women who do not gain enough weight during pregnancy (3)
-compromises fertility
-increases chance of premature delivery and intrauterine growth retardation
-apgar scores are often low
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why should women diet during pregnancy?
may deprive the fetus of critical nutrients
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risks of Children born from obese women (6)
-macrosomia
-low apgar scores
-shoulder dystocia
-childhood obesity
-difficulty regulating blood sugar after delivery
-perinatal mortality due to greater difficulty delivering
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How much weight gain should normal BMI gain during pregnancy?
(18.5-25.0)
25-35 pounds
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How much weight should underweight women gain during preganancy?
28-40
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How much weight should overweight women gain during pregnancy?
15-25
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How much should obese women gain during pregnancy?
no more than 15
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What is suggested weight gained for having a single baby?
25-35 pounds
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What is suggested weight gained for having twins?
35-45 pounds
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What is suggested weight gained for having triplets?
at least 45 pounds
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(WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY) What is the typical weigh gain during pregnancy for breast size?
2 pounds increase
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(WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY) What is the typical weigh gain during pregnancy for mother fluid volume?
4 pounds
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(WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY) What is the typical weigh gain during pregnancy for placenta?
1.5 pounds
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(WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY) What is the typical weigh gain during pregnancy for increase in blood supply to the placenta?
4 pounds
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(WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY) What is the typical weigh gain during pregnancy for amniotic fluid?
2 pounds
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(WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY) What is the typical weigh gain during pregnancy for infant at birth?
7.5 pounds
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(WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY) What is the typical weigh gain during pregnancy for increase in size of uterus and supporting muscles?
2 pounds
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(WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY) What is the typical weigh gain during pregnancy for mothers necessary fat stores?
7 pounds
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3 things pregnant women should pay attention to?
-macros
-micros
-fluids
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How many additional calories may be required to consume in second and thrid trimester?
300-450 kcal a day
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What should be the protein intake for pregnant moms?
1.1 grams per day per kg body weight
***an additional 25 grams per day of protein
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At least how many grams of carbs should be consumed during pregnancy? why?
175 g per day because glucose is the preferred food source of a fetus
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Is fat intake going to change during pregnancy?
no, it should stay about the same
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Most important type of fat to consume during pregnant? (2)
- rich sources of docosahexaenoic acid
-omega 3 polyunsatured fatty acid
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10 micros that are most critical during pregnancy
-folate
-vitamin b12
-vitamin C
-vitamin A
-vitamin D
-calcium
-iron
-zinc
-sodium
-iodine
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Why is folate important during pregnancy? (2)
-required for cell division
-critical in the first 28 days for development of the neural tube which become the brain and spinal cord
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Why is vitamin b12 important during pregnancy?
regenerates the active form of folate
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Why is vitamin C important during pregnancy?
-production of collagen (connective tissue)
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What happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin C consumption during pregnancy?
in elevated risk for preterm births and preeclampsia
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Is beta carotene associated with brith defects during pregnancy?
no
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Is supplementation of vitamin A recommended during pregnancy?
no, toxicity risk
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What can excess of vitamin A cause during pregnancy?
abnormalities in fetal kidneys and nervous system
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BY how much should vitamin A be increased during pregnancy?
10 percent
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What can happen from excessive intake of vitamin D during pregnancy?
causes developmental disabilities in newborns
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When is supplementation advised for vitamin D during pregnancy?
if exposure to sunlight or milk consumption is low
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Does the AI increase for vitamin D during pregnancy?
no
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Efficiency of calcium absoprtion during pregnancy
calcium absorption is more efficient during pregnancy
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By how much percent is teh need for iron increased during pregnancy? why?
by 50 percent because the need for red blood cells increases.
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what can happen if the mother has iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy? (3)
-preterm delivery
-low birht weight
-fetal growth restriction
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When does the fetal need during pregnancy for iron increased?
third trimester
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Is iron deficiency anemia common during pregnancy?
yes
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Why is zinc important during pregnancy?
critical for making proteins, DNA, RNA
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When pregnant How much percent increase does zinc require?
38 percent increase
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when pregnant Do sodium needs increase?
no it stays the same
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When pregnant does the need for iodine increase?
yes, significantly
***can be obtained from iodized salt
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