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How does Choriocarcinoma usually spread?
Via Hematogenous spread
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How many cell types does Choriocarcinoma have?
Two cell types
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What is a biphasic tumor?
A tumor having 2 cell types
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A tumor having 2 cell types is termed what?
Bi-phasic
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What are the two cell types of Choriocarcinoma?
- Cytotrophoblasts
- Syncytiotrophoblasts
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Cytotrophoblasts and Syncytitrophoblasts are cell types of what type of tumor?
Choriocarcinoma
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What is the tumor marker for Choriocarcinoma?
hCG
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hCG is a tumor marker for what type of tumor?
Choriocarcinoma
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What tumor may first present with metastases?
Choriocarcinoma
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What re four major characteristics of choriocarcinoma?
- Aggressive
- Bi-phasic
- May present initially with metastases
- hCG tumor marker
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What percent of germ cell tumors does Teratoma make up?
5%
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How many germ layers do Teratoma tumors derive from?
All three
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What re the three germ layer?
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What tumor derives from all three germ layers?
Teratoma
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What type of tumor would you suspect if it contained cells from cartilage, epithelia, salivary glands and neural tissue?
Teratoma
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Mixed type GCTs make up what percentage of all GCTs?
50%
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What are the three type of prostate problems discussed in class?
- Prostatitis
- Benign Hypertrophy
- Cancer
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Describe Prostatitis:
Inflammation of the prostate
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What is inflammation of the prostate called?
Prostatitis
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What is Prostatitis usually associated with?
Urinary tract infection
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A urinary tract infection predisposes patients to what prostate issue?
Prostatitis
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What bacteria usually cause Prostatitis?
- E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can all cause what disease?
- Urinary tract infections that cause prostatitis
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How does Prostatitis manifest itself (6)?
- Fever
- Chills
- Dysuria
- Urinary frequency
- Urinary urgency
- Perineal pain
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A patient presenting with perennial pain, dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency, fever and chills most likely has what disease?
Prostatitis
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Histologically what would you expect to see in a patient with Prostatitis?
Numersou PMNs in and around the acini/glands
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Histologically, if you saw numerous PMNs in and around the acini/glands what disease would you suspect?
Prostatitis
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What is the treatment for prostatitis?
Antibiotics
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Acute prostatitis can be detected by what means?
Urine examination for neutrophils and bacteria
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A urine examination that reveals neutrophils and bacteria indicates what diseae?
Acute Prostatitis
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What is another name for Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
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What is another term for benign prostatic hypertrophy?
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
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Describe the general characteristics of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
- Hyperplasia involves central zone
- Cancer involves the peripheral zone
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What cancer involves the central zone and exhibits hyperplasia in the central zone?
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate (Benign prostatic hypertrophy)
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How many men by the age of 80 have developed Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?
90%
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90% of all men by the age of 80 have what prostatic issue?
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
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In Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate what parts of the prostate proliferate?
The sromal and epithelial cells
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What hormones play a role in Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?
Androgen and Estrogen
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How does Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate manifest?
- Lower urinary tract obstruction
- Difficulty in urination
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What are complications of Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?
- Obstruction of the lower urinary tract (difficulty urinating)
- Bladder infections
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How is Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate treated?
- Anti-androgens
- 5alpha-reductase inhibitor
- TURP (transurethral resection)
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Anti-androgens, 5alpha-reductase, TURP (transurethral resection) are all used to treat what disease?
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
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What is the most common cancer in men?
Prostatic carcinoma
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What is the second most common cause of cancer related deaths in men?
Prostatic carcinoma
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What cancer has a high frequency of latent cancer?
Prostatic cancer
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What group of men are most likely to develop prostatic cancer?
Men over the age of 80 (50%)
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What does PSA stand for?
Prostatic specific antigen
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What is prostatic specific antigen?
Tumor marker for the prostate
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