Immunology and Serology

What bacteria causes pharyngitis, pyoderma, puerperal sepsis, and necrotizing fasciitis; and can produce a toxin that results in scarlet fever?

What clinical condition:
Symptoms: carditis, chorea, erythema marginatum, polyarthritis, and/or subcutaneous nodules
Occurs 3-4 weeks after infection

What clinical condition:
Symptoms: Proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, impaired renal function, and edema
Occurs about 10 days after pharyngitis or 18-21 days after skin infection

What is the cause of syphilis?

What clinical condition:
Has initial lesions that is painless, nonbleeding ulcer called chancres
The chancre appears, on average, 2-3 weeks after initial infection
Within a week after the chancre appears, lymph nodes enlarge
Antibodies are produced 1-4 weeks after chancre appears
Darkfield analysis of lesion demonstrates spirochetes

What clinical condition:
Symptoms: skin rash, low grade fever, malaise, pharyngitis, weight loss, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy
Spirochetes present throughout the body during this stage
Ulcers develop on mucous membranes

What clinical condition:
Stage with no symptoms or signs
Nontreponemal and treponemal serologic tests are positive
Early stage: 1 in 4 individuals relapses into secondary symptoms
Late stage: The patient is resistant to reinfection and to relapse

What clinical condition:
Symptoms occur 2-40 years after initial infection
Gummatas (syphilis lesions due to hypersensitivity reaction to treponemal antigens) are found throughout the body
Syphilitic aortitis, aortic valve insufficiency, and thoracic aneurysm are possible
Can cause blindness and senility

Can treponema pallidum cross the placenta, if so, at what stage?

What tests are used to identify syphilis?

What tests are used to detect syphilis in the primary stage?

What tests are used to detect syphilis in the secondary stage?

What test is used to detect syphilis in the tertiary stage?

What causes Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis)?

How is Lyme disease contracted?

What clinical condition:
Has a reddened area on the skin that occurs 2-32 days after being bitten by an infected tick
Reddened area can develop into the classic target or "bull's eye" rash, called erythema chronicum migrans

What clinical condition:
The most common symptom of the late stage is arthritis affecting the knees, shoulders, and elbows
Approximately 15% exhibit aseptic meningitis, facial nerve palsy, encephalitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis
Chronic disease may present as a sclerotic or atrophic skin lesion or a lymphocytoma

What antibody is produced in Lyme disease and what is it directed against?

What causes rubella?

What clinical condition:
Mild, contagious disease characterized by an erythematous maculopapular rash
Virus spread through droplets through the upper respiratory tract
Symptoms: 1-5 day prodromal syndrome of malaise, headache, cold symptoms, low grade fever, and swollen lymph glands at the back of the head

What causes Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and how is it transmitted?

What clinical condition:
Is a disease of the reticuloendothelial system
Incubation period is 4-7 weeks
Onset may be acute or insidious with sore throat, fever, and lymphadenopathy
Findings: lymphocytosis, with many reactive lymphs, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

What clinical condition is:
A malignant neoplasm of B lymphs
Found in restricted areas of Africa and New Guinea
Primarily seen in children

What clinical condition is a nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma found mainly in southern China?

What clinical condition:
Symptoms: fever, anorexia, vomiting, fatigue, abdominal pain, and malaise; may become jaundice
Labs: AST and ALT increased, hyperbilirubinemia, albumin decreased, tea colored urine, pale colored stools

What is the complete HBV virus called that causes infection?

What clinical condition:
Symptoms: develop abruptly and include fever, anorexia, vomiting, fatigue, malaise, jaundice, and arthralgia
Labs: 1st marker is HBsAg, then HBeAg, then anti-HBc, anti-HBe, anti-HBs

What clinical condition:
Acute infections: symptomatic or mild - nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, malaise
Chronic infections: cirrhosis and sometimes cancer
Labs: Anti-HCV

What clinical condition:
Coinfection occurs when patients acquire HBV and HDV infections simultaneously
Superinfection occurs when with an established an established HBV patient gets HDV infection
Chronic infections have poor prognosis with liver damage, inflammation, and cirrhosis
Labs: HDV-Ag

What causes AIDS?

What are the 2 serogroups of HIV?

Name the 3 subtypes of HIV-1

What does HIV-1 bind to?

As the HIV disease progresses, what depletes?

What clinical condition:
Virus continues to replicate rapidly in the lymphoid tissue - called clinical latency
Patient develops infections to opportunistic pathogens (Candida, HSV, cytomegalovirus...)

What is the confirmatory serological test for HIV?