Immunology and Serology

What clinical condition:
Results in a broad spike in the gamma region on serum protein electrophoresis
Chronic antigenic stimulation from infectious organisms can create this condition
Many acute phase proteins are produced during inflammation and can cause a broadening of the alpha-2 peak in the serum protein electrophoresis

What clinical condition:
Is a lymphoproliferative disease, in which plasma cells produce a high concentration of immunoglobulin
Bence Jones protein present in urine
Symptoms: weakness, anorexia, weight loss, skeletal destruction, pain, anemia, renal insufficiency, recurrent bacterial infections
Monoclonal gammopathy and plasma cells infiltrate in the bone marrow
Monoclonal immunoglobulins (M protein)

What clinical condition:
Has uncontrolled proliferation of a clone of B cells that synthesize a homogeneous IgM
Hyperviscosity of plasma that causes congestive heart failure, headache, dizziness, partial or total loss of vision, bleeding, anemia
Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, headache, and weight loss
Labs: Spike in beta or gamma region on serum protein electrophoresis, increased plasma viscosity, and abnormal accumulation of lymphoid cells in bone marrow and tissues

What clinical condition:
A nonstructural protein that becomes insoluble after an alteration in its secondary structure - that accumulates in organs and tissues
Monoclonal plasma cell disorder in which abnormal immunoglobumin or Bence Jones protein, or (less common) heavy chain fragments are produced
Insoluble proteins are deposited in some of the tissues - resulting in progressive loss of organ function
Labs: frequent abnormalities of serum immunoglobulins and presence of Bence Jones protein

What type of graft is a transfer of tissue from one site to another within an individual?

What type of graft is a transfer of tissue between genetically identical individuals?

What type of graft is a tanser of tissue between 2 genetically nonidentical individuals of the same species?

What type of graft is a transfer of tissue between 2 individuals of different species?

How long does a first set graft rejection take?

How long does a second-set graft rejection take?

What graft rejection:
Occurs within 24 hours of transplantation
Caused by a preexisting antibody to antigens on the grafted tissue
ABO blood group antibodies and MHC class I antibodies cause hyperacute rejection

What type of graft rejection:
Occurs within weeks of transplantation
Rejection due to CMI response
Histopathology revels massive infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages

What type of graft rejection:
Occurs months to years after transplantation
Mechanisms of rejection include both HMI and CMI

What is the term for an abnormal mass of tissue that results from the uncontrolled growth of normal cells even after the growth stimulus is removed?

What is the term for a typically mild and nonprogressive tumor that pushes aside normal tissue, but does not invade it, as the tumor expands?

What is the term for generally consisting of poorly differentiated cells that grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissue, robbing the normal tissue of nutrients?

What is the term for secondary tumor derived from a malignant primary tumor?

What provides a natural immunity to tumors - to a limited degree?

What is involved in humoral mediated immunity against tumors?

What is involved in T cell mediated immunity?

What tumor marker level is:
Used in management of gastrointestinal tumors (colon cancer) and adenocarcinomas of the colon, pancreas, liver, and lung
Also found in IBD, ulcerative colitis, Chrohns disease, polyps, tumors of the GI tract, and cigarette smokers
Highest levels are found in metastatic disease

What tumor marker level is:
Produced during embryonic and fetal development
High in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, helpatoblastoma, and testicular and ovarian cancer
Also elevated in viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ulcerative colitis
Important marker for monitoring cancer therapy

What tumor marker level is:
May be produced by neoplastic cells of testicular cancer and various tumors
Levels are useful in evaluating patients with gestational trophoblastic disease, testicular tumors, and ovarian germ cell tumors

What tumor marker level is:
Increased in prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and acute or chronic prostatitis
Levels correlate with prostate size, stage of prostate cancer, and response to treatment
Used to screen for prostate cancer in conjunction with a digital rectal examination

What forces participate in antibody-antigen interactions?

What type of precipitation reaction is the measurement of light transmitted through a suspension of particles?

What type of precipitation reaction is a direct measurement of light scattered by particles suspended in solution?

What type of precipitation reaction is when antigen and antibody are placed in wells in th egel and diffuse toward each other?

What type of precipitation reaction occurs when on a gar gell plate or slide, antigen is added to one well and antibody is added to another well?

What precipitation reaction occurs when serum, urine, or CSF is electrophoresed, antisera contained in a cellulose acetate strip is then placed on top of the electrophoresis gel; antibodies diffuse into the electrophoresis gel and combine with the antigens - forming a precipitate?

What precipitation reaction occurs when antigens are electrophoresed in agar-containing antibody; the antibody and antigen combine to form precipitates in the shape of a "rocket"?

What antibodies participate in agglutination reactions?

What labeled reaction has a conjugated reagent antibody reacts with an antigen in a clinical sample to form and antigen-antibody complex?

What labeled reaction has antigens that react with unlabeled antibody forming an antigen complex that is then complexed with a labeled forming antihuman antibody, creating an antibody-antigen-antibody "sandwich"?

What labeled reaction is an indirect assay in which the detection system is modified by using biotin-labeled antibody following by avidin-labeled fluorochrome?

What cell markers are identified for T cell subsets?

What cell markers are identified for B cell subsets?

What cell marker is used to monitor treatment for HIV infections?