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What type of carcinoma is most common for Esophageal carcinoma in the world?
Squamous cell (90%)
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What percentage of Esophageal carcinoma is Squamous cell?
90%
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What are risk factors for Esophageal carcinoma?
- Alcohol
- Tobacco
- Nitrates and nitrosamines in food
- Achalasia
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Alcohol, Tobacco, Nitrates and Nitrosamines in food and Achalasia are all risk factors for what disease?
Esophageal carcinoma
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What is the most common form of Esophageal carcinoma in the US?
Adenocarcinoma developing from BE
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What are the risk factors for adenocarcinoma?
Barrett’s Esophagus
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What are the symptoms of Esophageal Carcinoma?
Weight loss and Dysphagia
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What are the symptoms of Squamous cell carcinoma?
- Narrowing of esophagous
- Dysphagia (due to narrowed esophagus)
- Keratin Pearl formation
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What are some procedures for correcting problems associated with Squamous cell carcinoma?
- Placing a stent in advanced SCC
- Placing a mesh tube in the esophagus to improve dysphagia
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Describe Gastritis:
Inflammation of the stomach
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What are the three main etiologies of chronic gastritis?
- Autoimmune gastritis
- Long term abuse of alcohol or NSAIDs
- Helicobacter Pylori
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Helicobacter pylori creates an increased risk of what disease?
Gastric Cancer
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How does Helicobacter pylori cause disease?
- Residing in the lower part of the stomach (antrum)
- Releasing enzymes and toxins that cause inflammation
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How is a Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosed?
- Biopsy
- Visualizing organisms
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How does Autoimmune gastritis develop?
Antibodies are produced against acid producing parietal cells of the stomach (atrophic gastritis)
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What is the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections in American Adults?
50%
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What is the shape of Helicobacter pylori?
Curved
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What is the antrum?
Lower part of the stomach
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The lower part of the stomach is termed what?
The antrum
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What bacteria commonly causes gastric and duodenal ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
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Helicobacter pylori, long term use of alcohol and NSAIDs, Autoimmune diseases can all cause what disease?
Gastritis
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What do gastric parietal cells produce?
HCL and intrinsic factor
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What type of cells and in what organ produce HCL and intrinsic factor?
Gastric parietal cells
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Intrinsic factor is produced in what area of the body and what type of cells?
Gastric parietal cells
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The injury of Autoimmune gastritis causes what specific type of gastritis?
Atrophic gastritis
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What is another word for Atrophic gastritis?
Mucosal atrophy
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What is another term for mucosal atrophy?
Atrophic gastritis
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Atrophic gastritis is part of what disease?
Autoimmune gastritis
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Atrophic gastritis or Mucosal atrophy can increase the risk of what serious disease?
Gastric cancer
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What is the purpose of IF (intrinsic factor)?
Absorption of Vit. B12
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What product of the stomach is responsible for the absorption of Vit. B12?
Intrinsic Factor
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What is a Vit. B12 deficiency termed?
Pernicious Anemia
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What is Pernicious anemia?
Vit. B12 deficiency
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What are common ingestible causes of acute gastritis?
- Alcohol
- Smoking
- Aspirin
- NSAIDs
- Acid or alkali consumption
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What are common non-ingestible causes of Acute gastritis?
- Stress
- Burns
- Trauma
- Shock
- Surgery
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What are symptoms of Acute gastritis?
- Epigastric pain
- Angry mucosa (determined by endoscopy)
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Epigastric pain and Angry mucosa upon endoscopy are symptomatic of what disease?
Acute gastritis
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Describe the three steps leading to peptic ulcer formation by Helicobacter pylori:
- Damage by Helicobacter, drugs, enzymes, etc.
- Atrophy, Lympoid and Neutrophil aggregation, Metaplasia
- Ulcer formation
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What are the four layer of an ulcer (in order from stomach interior to exterior)?
- Necrotic
- Inflammatory
- Granulation tissue
- Fibrous
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How many layers does an ulcer have?
4
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What types of inflammatory cells are seen in acute inflammation?
Need to determine
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What types of inflammatory cells are seen in chronic inflammation?
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Helicobacter Pylori predisposes patients to what disease?
- Gastric lymphoma
- Intestinal Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Carcinoma
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Intestinal Metaplasia is caused by what?
Helicobacter pylori
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