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Autonomic nervous system:
anatomical and functional neurological system, which normally works at an involuntary or reflexive level
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What type of components does the ANS have?
motor and sensory
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What are the components of the ANS?
- visceral afferent system
- efferent output system
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Which component (motor or sensory) is the visceral afferent system?
sensory
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Which component (motor or sensory) is the efferent output system?
motor
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What are the parts of the efferent output system?
- sympathetic nervous system (motor)
- parasympathetic nervous system (motor)
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ANS (Efferent portion) innervates:
- smooth muscle (vasculature)
- myocardium (cardiac mm) --middle layer of heart
- glands
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What are the physiological results of the innervation of the ANS?
- smooth mm are in AA = change BP (dilate or constrict vessels)
- myocardium = change HR (ANS can override SA Node)
- variation of peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract (can speed up or slow down) --in smooth mm of organs
- variation in secretion of glands
- release adrenaline from adrenal medulla
- speeds up physiologic processes
- dilate iris of eye --miosis (change in pupil size)
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ANS responds to sensory info coming from which 2 sources?
- peripheral nervous system
- CNS
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Peripheral nervous system:
external afferent sensory input
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What makes up the PNS?
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- nerves of ANS
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Are cranial nn somatic or visceral?
somatic
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Are spinal nn somatic or visceral?
somatic
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Are the nerves of the ANS somatic or visceral?
visceral
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What makes up the ANS?
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
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Central nervous system:
internal afferent sensory input
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What is contained in the brainstem of the CNS?
- respiratory center
- cardiovascular center
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What makes up the respiratory center of the brainstem?
pons and medulla
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What makes up the cardiovascular center of the brainstem?
medulla
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Where are the cerebral cortex and limbic system of the CNS?
frontal lobe
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What is the frontal lobe (with the cerebral cortex and limbic system) responsible for?
responsible for though processes and integration; feeds into emotions and how they are expressed
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How does the ANS respond to internal and external afferent input?
- ANS reflexes at the spinal cord and brainstem level
- info doesn't have to go to cortex to be perceived
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Where is output of internal and external afferent input of the ANS from?
hypothalamus
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What does the hypothalamus control?
ANS
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What activates a response from the hypothalamus?
information
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What does the sympathetic system do?
speeds up physiological processes so that person can meet either psychological or physiological demands (fight or flight)
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How many neurons are involved in the sympathetic system?
2 neuron pathway (preganglionic, postganglionic)
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Where are preganglionic cell bodies of 1st order neurons of the sympathetic system located?
lateral gray horn of spinal cord b/w T1 and L3
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Where do axons of the sympathetic system leave the spinal cord?
via ventral horns
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What do sympathetic system axons leaving the spinal cord via ventral horns enter?
ventral root through ventral rootlets
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After sympathetic system axons enter the ventral root what do they enter?
sympathetic chain through white ramus
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Sympathetic trunk:
made up of symapthetic ganglia and collections of axons, which are found on each side of the veretebral column in the pelvis, abdomen, thorax, and neck
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What are other names for the sympathetic trunk?
- sympathetic chain
- paravertebral chain ganglia
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Perganglionic neuron:
first in 2 neuron system, myelinated
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White ramus:
area in which preganglionic neurons leave spinal nerve to join sympathetic chain
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postganglionic neuron:
2nd in 2 neuron system, unmyelinated
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Postganglionic neurons that originate in sympathetic chain rejoin spinal nerves via:
gray ramus
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How do postganglionic neurons reach target structure?
by leaving ganglion and wrapping itself around the artery that goes there, thus, piggybacking its way
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Certain parts of the spinal cord contain preganglionic neurons that go to what specific places?
- T1: to the head
- T1-T5: visceral structures in thorax
- T6-T12: visceral structures in the abdomen
- L1-L3: kidneys and visceral structures of the pelvis
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Axons of T6-T12 preganglionic neurons exit spinal cord and don't synapse w/ postganglionic neurons. Instead they form:
distinct sympathetic nerves upon exiting the sympathetic chain
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Splanchnics terminate by synapsing with:
postganglionic fibers in selected ganglia of the abdomen (superior and inferior mesenteric and celiac ganglia)
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The preganglionic fibers that do not travel to become splanchnics go to the:
adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline
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Axons of L1-L3 preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord, enter the sympathetic chain, and ext as:
specific spinal nerves (pelvic nn)
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The axons of L1-3 preganglionic neurons terminate in:
ganglia to synapse w/ postganglionic neurons; they travel to respective target organs
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Parasympathetic system:
opposite function from sympathetic system; physiologic processes decrease w/ exception of digestion (rest and digest)
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What is 90% of the parasympathetic system's function due to?
vagus nerve
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How many neurons are involved in the parasympathetic system pathway?
2 (preganglionic and postganglionic)
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Which cranial nn are involved with the parasympathetic system?
CN III, VII, IX, and X
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Which portion of the spinal cord is involved with the parasympathetic system?
sacral portion
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Where are the cell bodies of parasympathetic cranial nerves?
motor nuclei assoicated w/ CN III, VII, IV, and X)
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The cranial nerves exit the brainstem and pass to:
specific parasympathetic ganglia where they synapse w/ postganglionic neurons to innervate target structure
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Which sacral nn are involved with the parasympathetic system?
S2-4
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The sacral nn leave the spinal nerves collectively as parasympathetic nerves (pelvic nn) to synpase w/ postganglionic neurons in:
parasympathetic ganglia of the pelvis which then innervate target structures
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What are the parasympathetic cranial nn?
- oculomotor
- facial
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus
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Which CN is the oculomotor nerve?
CN III
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What are the functions of the oculomotor nerve?
- causes ciliary body to constrict, causing accommodation (lens changes shape)
- causes sphincter papillae muscle to constrict on iris of eye (pupil smaller), miosis
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the oculomotor nerve originate?
Edinger Westphal nucleus in midbrain and leave w/ cranial nerve
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the oculomotor nerve synapse with postganglionic?
ciliary ganglion located posterior to eyeball
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Which CN is the facial nerve?
CN VII
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What does the facial nerve innervate?
- two of three sets of sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
- lacrimal glands
- numerous mucous glands associated w/ mucosal tissue of the mouth, nose, and paranasal sinuses
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the facial nerve originate?
superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in medulla
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the facial nerve synapse with postganglionic?
- submandibular ganglion
- pterygopalatine ganglion
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What does the submandibular ganglion innervate?
submandibular, lingual, and mucous glands
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What does the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate?
lacrimal glands and various mucous glands
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Which CN is the glossopharyngeal nerve?
CN IX
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What does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?
third set of salivary glands (parotid)
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve originate?
inferior salivatory nuclei located in the medulla
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Axons of the preganglionic neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve leave with cranial nerve and synapse w/ postanglionic neuron in:
otic ganglia located just inferior to foramen ovale
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Where do the postganglionic neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve terminate?
parotid glands
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Which cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?
CN X
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What does the vagus nerve innervate?
all visceral structures of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the vagus nerve originate?
dorsal motor nucleus of medulla
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The preganglionic neurons of the vagus nerve exit with the cranial nerve and synapse with postganglionic neurons in:
ganglia close to the structures being innervated
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Are the postganglionic neurons of the vagus nerve long or short?
short
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There is no parasympathetic innervation of the blood vessels and skin of:
the lower and upper extremities and trunk (no parasympathetic anatomy to make it happen)
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In order to counter the sympathetic tone (in terms of vasoconstriction and glandular secretion), what instructs that the sympathetic tone decreases?
hypothalamus
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Theory: there may be some parasympathetic pathways to the blood vessels of the head, neck and face using:
facial and vagus nn
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What are two systems of ANS neurotransmitters?
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
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Which NT does the sympathetic preganglionic neuron use?
ACh
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Which NT does the sympathetic postganglionic neuron use?
norepinephrine
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Which NT does the sympathetic adrenergic system utilize?
adrenaline
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Which NT do the parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic neurons use?
ACh
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Which NT does the parasympathetic cholinergic system utilize?
ACh
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Most complications from drugs is due to monkeying around with what?
sympathetic and parasympathetic NT receptors
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