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What are cell surface markers that allow immune cells to distinguish "self" from "nonself"?
Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
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What are the 3 classes of MHC products?
- Class I loci: HLA-A, HLA-B, C, E, F, G, J
- Class II: HLA-DM, DO, DP, DQ, DR
- Class III: Complement proteins, TNFalpha and beta, and toher proteins not associated with cell membrane surfaces
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What is a combination of inherited HLA alleles?
Haplotype
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What will cause transplants to last longer?
If the HLA antigens from the recipient and the donor are closely matched
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What are the primary cause of immune mediated platelet transfusion refractoriness?
Antibodies to class I HLA antigens
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What is involved in nonspecific response by attachement to damaged epithelium, migration into tissues, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and digestion of target cells, increased metabolism, and degranulation?
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (Segs)
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What clinical condition is a defect in oxidative pathway (respiratory pathway) phagocytes use to create hydrogen peroxide, which is used to kill bacteria?
Chronic granulomatous disease
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What clinical disease is impaired production of toxic oxygen molecules (decrease respiratory burst) used by phagocytosis to kill ingested bacteria?
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) deficiency
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What cells granules contain acid phosphatase, peroxidase, histamines, and several other types of molecules?
Eosinophils
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What are the functions of eosinophils?
- Clearing immune complexes
- Limiting inflammatory reactions
- Protein in granules toxic to parasites
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What cells include mast cells, basophils, and platelets that release substances that mediate immune reactions?
Mediator cells
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When do mast cells degranulate?
- When membrane bound IgE binds an allergen
- When nonimmunologic mechanisms such as surgical incisions, heat, and skin or mucous membrane infections
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What is the function of basophils?
- Amplify the reactions that start with the mast cell at the site of entry of the antigen
- Their granules contain mediators that play a role in anaphylactic reactions
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Upon injury, capillaries, arterioles, and venules are dialated to ______________?
Increase blood flow to the site of the injury
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What is the term for when PMNs move between the endothelial cells to the site of tissue damage?
Diapedesis
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What is a collection of serum proteins involved in lysis of cell membranes, mediation of inflammation, enhancement of phagocytosis, and metabolism of immune complexes?
Complement system
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How does the classical pathway activate complement?
Immune complexes, requre one IgM or two IgG molecules
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What is the outcome of C4a, C3a, and C5a cause basophils and mast cells to release histamine and also cause smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability?
Anaphylatoxins
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What is the outcome when C3b adheres to immune complexes and surfaces of substances to facilitate clearing of these molecules?
Immune adherence
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What is the outcome if C3b is attached to a cell, phagocytosis is enhanced?
Opsonization
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What is the outcome when a C5a is an anaphylatoxin and induces the migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site?
Chemotaxis
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What compound removes a single amino acid from C4a, C3a, and C5a, rendering them useless as anaphylatoxins?
Analphylatoxin inactivator
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What is the clinical significance of a C3 deficiency?
Increase risk for overwhelmin infections
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What is the clinical significance of C3 and C4 deficiency?
Indicate consumption with classical pathway activation
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What is the clinical significance of a C1 (q, r, s), C4, and C2 deficiency?
Indicate collagen disease
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What is the clinical significance of a C5, C6, and C7 deficiency?
Increased risk for Neisseria meningitidis infection
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What are C3 and C4 measured for?
Indicate consumption and to follow disease states
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What is CH50 measured for?
Measures the activity of the classical pathway
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When is CRP increased?
- After injury
- Coronary heart disease
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What is the function of haptoglobin?
Removes free hemoglobin from circulation
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When is fibrinogen increased?
- Increased at the site of an injury
- Converted to fibrin to heal the injury
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What does a deficiency of alpha1-Antitrypsin indicate?
- Premature loss of elasticity in the lung
- Liver damage
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What is the function of ceruloplasmin?
Principal copper trasportation protein
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What is the disease called for a deficiency in ceruloplasmin?
Wilson disease
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What antigens do monocytes/macrophages have on their cell surface?
MHC I or II molecules
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What antigens do dendritic cells have on their cell surface?
MHC I or II molecules
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What antigens do B cells have on their cell surface?
MHC II molecules
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What is the B cell antigen receptor?
Monomeric IgM or IgD
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What do T helper cells have on their surface that interacts with MHC II on the antigen presenting cell?
CD4
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When are T helper cells activated?
Requires direct cell contact and cytokines (IL-1 and IL-2)
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What is the function of NK cells?
- Kill target cells without being previously senstitized
- Activity is governed by cytokines
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How long does it take to produce antibodies during primary antibody response?
- 5-7 days
- During this time, the host is producing plasma cells that will secrete antibodies
- IgM
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How long does it take to produce antibodies during a secondary response?
- 3-5 days
- Higher antibody production
- IgG
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What occurs when cytolytic effector cells (NK cells and PMN) can lyse antibody coated target cells if there is direct contact?
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
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