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What are the special senses?
Smell, taste, sight, hearing, and equilibrium
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What are special sense receptors?
They are organs that are either complex systems or localized receptor cells
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What are eyelids?
Eyelids are flaps of skin that cover the eyes which meet at the medial and lateral corners of the eyes
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What are eyelashes?
Hairs that extend from the border of the eyelash and cover the eye
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What are the meibomian glands?
Glands that secrete oil, they are located inside of the eyelid and lubricate the eyelashes
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What are Ciliary Glands?
Modified sebacious glands that secrete sweat, they are located between the eyelashes
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What is the conjunctiva?
A membrane that seperates the eyelid from the eyeball itself it secretes mucus keeping the eyeball moist
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What is the Lacrimal Apparatus
A part of the eye that consists of the lacrimal gland and contains ducts that drain lacrimal secretions
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What are Lacrimal Glands?
Glands that are located laterally in each eye. They secrete tears.
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What are tears conmprised of?
Tears are a dilute salt solution which also contains lysozyme, a bacteria lysing enzyme
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What is the pathway of a teardrop?
Lacrimal canal -> Lacrimal Sac -> Nasolacrimal duct
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Name the extrinsic eye muscles
- Lateral Rectus
- Medial Rectus
- Superior Rectus
- Inferior Rectus
- Inferior Oblique
- Superior Obilque
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What is the eyeball composed of?
- - Exterior= Three tunics (coats), Iris
- - Interior= Humors
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What is the Sclera?
The outermost protective layer. It is also called the "fiberous tunic"
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What is the cornea?
The part of the eye with the most pain receptors.
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What is the Choroid?
The blood rich middle tunic that is dyed black in order to prevent scattering light
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What is the Ciliary Body?
The part of the Choroid that holds the lens in place
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What is the retina?
The innermost layer of the eyeball, it contains rods and cones
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What are rods and cones?
They are photoreceptors that respond to various optical stimuli
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What is a "blind spot"?
An area with a low concentration of cones located at the sides of the eyes
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What is the Fovea Centralis?
The tiny pit that contains only cones, located laterally to the blind spot
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What is Color Blindness?
The disability to diffenciate between two adjacent colors
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What is the lens?
A part of the eye that focuses light that coms into the eye.
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What are the two humors?
- The vitreous humor= The jelly like interior
- The aqueous humor= The watery humor
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What are mechanoreceptors?
Receptors that respond to kinetic force
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Name the parts of the outer ear
Pinna/Auricle, External auditory canal, Ceruminous glands and the tympanis membrane/eardrum
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What is the function of the ceruminous glands?
To secrete earwax, a lubricating and protective wax
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Name the parts of the Middle ear/Tympanic cavity
oval window, round window, auditory tube, and ossicles
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What is the order of the ossicles
Hammer -> Anvil -> Stirrup
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What is the function of the auditory tube?
The function is to maintain a pressure equilibrium within the tympanic cavity, this optimizes the vibrations in the cavity.
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What are the components of the inner ear?
Osseous, cochlea, vestibule and the Semicircular canal
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What is the fluid in the osseous?
Perilymph
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What is contained in the perilymph?
The membraneous labyrinth which also contains a thicker fluid, the endolymph
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What is the organ of Corti?
The organ that contains hair cells for detecting minute vibrations.
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What is static equilibrium?
The vestibular compensation for the pull of gravity and planetary spin.
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How is equilibrium reached in the ear?
By using otoliths which are hairs suspended in jelly. Motion causes the jelly to move across the hair.
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
Motion detected by the semi-circular canals it works by detecting opposite directionality, the vestibular nerve then reverse encodes creating a correct response.
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