Pathology II Exam 3

a decrease in the amount of urine excreted

may indicate kidney failure

complete suppression of urine excretion

indicates total kidney failure

an increase in the amount of urine excreted

usually an indication of problems somewhere in the body other than the kidneys

may indicate diabetes insipidus

the presence of albumin or protein in urine

often associated with glomerulonephritis

hemoglobin in the urine

associated with hemolytic anemias

occur due to certain poisons, snake bites, and malaria

blood in the urine

an important sign in tumors of the urinary system

pus in the urine

indicates a UTI

sugar in the urine

associated with diabetes mellitius (sugar diabetes)

the toxic condition of excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood

associated with renal insufficiency or failure

a general term for inflammation of the kidney

a form of nephritis in which the lesions affect primarily the glomeruli

the filtering capillaries of the kidney

often follows a previous streptococcal infection

especially those of the upper respiratory tract

inflammation of the renal pelvis

the expanded upper part of the ureter

inflammation of the kidney substance and pelvis

most common kidney disease

caused by pyogenic bacteria that enter the kidney by way of the bloodstream or due to bacteria that have ascended from the bladder after entering through the urethra

a collection of urine in the renal pelvis due to an obstructed outflow

the ureters above an obstruction dilated with urine

the formation of renal calculi

kidney stones

inflammation of the ureters

the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

causes constriction and narrowing

inflammation of the urinary bladder

usually occurs secondary to ascending urinary tract infections

inflammation of the urethra

the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

generally caused by infections with pyogenic bacteria that work their way up the urinary tract

a condition in which there is the formation of many cysts in or on the kidney

enlargement of the cysts compresses the surrounding renal tissue can be caused by this condition

cysts are prone to infection

inflammation of the uterus

inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium)

inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix

ectopic endometrium located in various sites throughout the pelvis or in the abdominal wall

occurs in pregnant women usually during the third trimester

characterized by edema of the extremities and face, high blood pressure and high albuminuria

could be caused by a condition called toxemia of pregnancy

body views fetus as a toxin

there are not really any toxins in the body

can lead to convulsions, coma, and death (eclampsia)

can lead to convulsions, coma, and death

inflammation of the fallopian tubes

when a fertilized ovum attaches to the wall of the fallopian tube or abdominal surface

embryo will die from lack of blood supply

calcified embryo

inflammation of the ovaries

numerous cysts on or in the ovaries

a cyst containing elements of hair, teeth or skin

commonly seen in the ovaries and testes

inflammation of the vagina

can be caused by a gonococcal infection

can be caused by mechanical irritations such as tight panty hose

can be caused by chemical irritations and highly irritating uterine discharges

can be caused by yeasts infections

caused by the fungus Candida albicans

commonly seen as a complication of antibiotic therapy

the normal flora bacteria of the vagina are destroyed, allowing the fungus to grow

a condition of septicemia following childbirth

caused by a hemolytic streptococcus

infection is usually spread by contaminated obstetrical instruments

inflammation of the mammary glands

a common tumor of the ovaries

most commonly affect the cervix

one of the most common malignancies of women worldwide

usually squamous cell carcinomas

also a very common tumor

fibroid tumor

another of the most common malignancies of women

spreads rapidly through the surrounding tissues

including the blood and lymph vessels in the area

often requires surgical removal of the breast and surrounding tissues

inflammation of the testes

may be caused by
1. trauma
2. as a complication of the mumps or other infectious disease

if an infection is serious enough, it may cause scarring, atrophy of the testes and sterility

failure of the testes of a testis to descend into the scrotum

sperm cannot develop properly because of the higher temperature in the pelvic cavity

sterility is often a consequence

inflammation of the epididymis

usually the result of a gonococcal infection

severe cases could cause scarring and stop the passage of sperm

varicose veins of the spermatic cord

a fairly common occurrence

muscle organ which surrounds the first part of the urethra

inflammation of the prostate gland

usually secondary to urethritis

often caused by Neisseria gonorrheae and Escherichia coli

an enlargement of the prostate gland in men 50 and over

NOT an inflammatory condition

associated with a hormone imbalance

the consequence of this is interference with the passage of urine

the collection of serous fluid in the scrotum

may be a complication of orchitis, epididymitis, or improper closure of the opening between the peritoneal cavity and the scrotum

the term can actually be used to mean the collection of serous fluid in any sacculated cavity of the body

common in older men

metastasizes rapidly to bone and lymph nodes

tumors of the testes are usually malignant

this most commonly affects men in their 20's, 30's, 40's

one of the most common and widespread of the STD's

most often caused by a chlamydial organism

characterized by painful, itchy ulcerations or blisters on the genitals and surrounding areas

caused by the Herpes simplex II virus

there is no cure

a recurrent disease

caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrheae

characterized by suppuration

will lead to sterility if not properly treated

caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum

characterized by three stages of development

characterized by a general ulceration called a chancre

heals after about 4-6 weeks

characterized by a generalized red skin rash & mucous patches

small ulcerations on the mucous membranes

these symptoms indicate the organism has spread throughout the body

will last for 2 - 6 weeks

characterized by areas of necrotic tissue called gumma

most commonly affected by this are the nervous and cardiovascular systems

can cause several conditions

damage to the brain causing mental deterioration and paralysis called

degeneration of the posterior part of the spinal cord called

tends to affect the arteries

especially the aorta

causes inflammation, aneurysms and aortic insufficiency

postmortem conditions for reproductive system conditions

inflammation of bone tissue

the formation of cysts and fibrous nodules within bones

due to a hormone imbalance

a chronic inflammation resulting in thickening and deformation

osteitis deformans

looks like an overproduction of bone

inflammation of the bone marrow

bacteria enter by way of broken bones or through the blood or lymph streams

an increase in porosity or loss of bone density

most commonly seen in women after menopause

bone becomes brittle and tends to break more easily

the softening of bone in children

due to a deficiency of vitamin D

essential for absorption of calcium from the digestive tract

bones stay soft & deformed

long, weight-bearing bones of the leg tend to be bent or "bowed"

softening of bones due to faulty calcification in adulthood

may be due to a lack of vitamin D

inflammation of the outer coverage of bone (the periosteum)

usually due to a bacterial infection

tuberculosis of the vertebral column

vertebrae are destroyed and collapse

produces a humpbacked malformation

a defect in the formation of cartilage in the growth of long bones

causes dwarfism

a hereditary condition of connective tissue and skeletal structures

leads to a form of giantism

an abnormal posterior curvature of the spine

a humpback

an abnormal anterior curvature of the spine

a lateral curvature of the spine in opposite directions

causes an S-shaped curvature

a break that does not pierce the skin

a break in which at least a piece of the bone pierces the skin resulting in an open wound

could also be a wound that leads to a bone that is broken

a break in which the bone is splintered or crushed

there must be at least three pieces of bone to constitute this

a break in which the bone is cracked or broken on one side and bent on the other

inflammation of a bursa

small, sac-like structures that contain synovial fluid

help to reduce friction in areas where a lot of movement occurs

inflammation of a joint

may be either acute or chronic

arthritis could result from (5)

a form of chronic arthritis

affects mainly women age 20-40

an inflammatory disease

there is usually bilateral involvement of the hands and wrists

in the later stages the joint may be destroyed and the bones fused together causing a permanent crippling

inability of joint movement

affects both men and women later in life

a degenerative disease rather than inflammatory

affects the larger, weight-bearing joints

not usually bi-lateral

thought to be associated with "wear and tear" on the joints

an hereditary form of arthritis

the result of a metabolic problem with uric acid in the body

deposits urates of sodium crystals around certain joints

causes an intense and painful inflammation

A complication of orchitis, epididymitis, or improper closure between the peritoneal cavity and the scrotum is

A deficiency of Vitamin D may lead to what two conditions?

A hormone imbalance in men may lead to a non-inflammatory interference with the passage of urine. This condilion is known as

A urinary tract infection may be indicated by what?

Convulsions, coma and death in pregnancy may be due to what condition?

Diabetes insipidus may cause what condition of the urinary system?

Diabetes mellitus may cause what condition of the urinary system?

Edema of the extremities and face with high blood pressure and high albuminuria may be what condition?

How does the bone marow become infected in osteomyelitis?

How long will each of the stages of syphilis last?

In whom is osteoporosis most often seen?

Renal insufficiency will often lead to the condition of what?

True or False........Tumors of the testes are rarely malignant.
True False

Urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood is

Uterine cancer most often affects what part of the female reproductive system?

Uterine cancer usually come in what form?

What 2 conditions may indicate kidney failure?

What are the four things we listed that may lead to vaginitis?

What are the glomeruli in the kidneys?

What are the other names for kidney stones?

What are the postmortem conditions of reproductive system conditions?

What are the two listed problems that polycystic kidneys can cause?

What are the two of the most common malignancies of women worldwide?

What causes a yeast infection?

What causes gonorrhea?

What causes syphilis?

What condition appears to be an overproduction of bone?

What condition causes an S-shaped curvature of the spine?

What condition described thus far causes a form of dwarfism?

What condition described thus far causes a form of giantism?

What condition is a common complication of antibiotic therapy?

What condition of the kidneys is associated with hemolytic anernias?

What condition of the skeletal system commonly causes kyphosis?

What condition of the urinary system often follows a previous streptococcal infdction?

What condition will cause the vertebrae to be destroyed and collapse?

What disease did we discuss in this section that is caused by a hemolytic streptococci?

What do the bursa do?

What is a fibroid tumor in women?

What is characterized by painful, itchy ulcerations and blisters on and around the
genitals?

What is NSU usually caused by?

What is one of the most common and widespread of the STD's?

What is the difference between the ureters and the urethra?

What is the expanded upper part of the ureter called?

What is the most common kidney disease?

What is usually spread via contaminated obstetrical instruments?

what may be a complication of the mumps or other infectious disease in men?

What may be an important sign of urinary system tumors?

What may cause sterility in men because of the inability of the sperm to develop in high
temperatures?

What occurs in pregnant women usually during the third trimester of pregnancy?

What part of the body is most affected by rickets?

What specific parts of the body does cardiovascular syphilis most often affect?

What symptom of syphilis indicates that the organism has spread throughout the body?

What three conditions are often caused by pyogenic bacteria working their way up the
urinary tract?

What two conditions are associated with glomerulonephritis?

What type of arthritis affects both men and women later in life?

What type of arthritis affects the larger, weight-bearing joints?

What type of arthritis causes an intense and painful inflammation?

What type of arthritis is associatect with wear and tear on the joints?

What type of arthritis is classified as a degenerative disease?

What type of arthritis is classified as an hereditary disease?

What type of arthritis is classified as an inflammaiory disease

What type of arthritis is due to the deposit of urates of sodium crystals around certain joints?

What type of arthritis is not usually bilateral?

What type of arthritis is the result of a metabolic problem with uric acid in the body?

What type of arthritis may cause the joint to be destroyed and the bones to fuse together?

What type of arthritis usualty affects women between 20 ano 40 years of age?

what type of cancer of the reproductive system usually affects older men?

What type of cancer of the reproductive system usually affects younger men?

What usually causes epididymitis?

When a pregnant woman exhibits symptoms of toxemia but there are not really any toxins
present, it is the condition of

When will a lithopedion possibly form?

Where are dermoid cysts commonly seen?

Which of the STD's is a recurrent disease?

Which type of spine curvature is a humpback?