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Name the types of immunity
- Innate: nonspecific or natural
- Adaptive: specific or acquired
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What is the first line of defense for immunity?
- Physical barriers: skin, mucus
- Chemicals: secreted by cells and tissues (pH of skin, complement, interferons)
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What is the 2nd line of defense for immunity?
- Phagocytosis
- Inflammation: nonspecific response to tissue damage that includes chemical release, cellular movement, elimination of foreign material, and tissue repair
- Complement system: enhances phagocytosis, stimulates inflammatory response, and lyses foreign cells
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Name and describe the 2 responses of adaptive immunity
- Humoral-mediated immunity (HMI): more important in protection against extracellular pathogens and includes antibody production by plasma cells
- Cell-mediated immunity: more important in protection against intracellular pathogens (NK cells, T helper cells, Cytotoxic T lymphs, Cytotoxins)
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What is a substance that is capable of inducing an immune response?
Immunogen
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What is a substance that specifically interacts with cells or substances of the immune system?
Antigen
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What is the portion of a molecule that binds to an antibody or T cell receptor?
Epitope
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What are molecules that require T helper cells to stimulate antibody formation?
Thymic dependent immunogens
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What are molecules that initiate antibody production without stimulating T helper cells?
Thymic independent immunogens
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Name the characteristics of immunogens
- Foreignness: must be recognized as "nonself"
- Size: greater than 10 kilodaltons
- Chemical composition: proteins and carbs are the most immunogenic
- Complexity: the more complex, the more immunogenic
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What is a compound that enhances an immune response?
Adjuvant
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What is a protein that binds to antigens?
Antibody
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Name the 5 classes of antibodies
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What are antibodies composed of?
- 2 Heavy chains: gamma, alpha, mu, epsilon, delta
- 2 Light chains: kappa or lambda
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Multiple monomers of IgM and IgA are linked by a ________
J (joining) chain
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What is the predominant serum antibody?
IgG
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What is the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta?
IgG
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What immunoglobulin is produced in secondary (anamnestic) antibody response?
IgG
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What immunoglobulin is 5 monomers linked together by a J chain and interchain disulfide bonds?
IgM
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What is the 1st antibody produced against an immunogen?
IgM
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What immunoglobulin is the best activator of the classical pathway of complement?
IgM (because only one is required)
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What immunoglobulin has serum and secretory forms?
IgA
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What is the function of serum IgA?
- Antigen clearance
- Immune regulation
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What is the function of IgA in mucous membranes?
Block attachment of viruses, bacteria, and toxins to host cells
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What immunoglobulin is primarily a cell membrane surface component of B lymphs?
IgD
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What immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic (type I hypersensitivity) reactions?
IgE
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What immunoglobulin has a Fc portion that binds to receptors on mast cells and basophils, that triggers degranulation of the cell and release mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes?
IgE
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What clinical condition has elevated levels of IgE?
Parasitic infections
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What is the term for identical antibodies that are produced from a single clone of plasma cells?
Monoclonal antibodies
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What is found in individuals with multiple myeloma?
Monoclonal antibodies
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What is the function of monocytes and macrophages?
- Phagocytosis of invaders
- Present immunogens to T helper cells (1st step in an immune response)
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What is the normal range for the WBCs found in peripheral blood?
- Neutrophils: 60-70%
- Lymphs: 20-40%
- Monocytes: 2-6%
- Eosinophils: 1-3%
- Basophils: 0-1%
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What WBC has the function of phagocytosis and contributes to inflammatory response?
Neutrophils
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What WBC has the function to mediate IgE allergic response?
Eosinophils
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What WBC has receptors for IgE and granules responsible for allergic reactions?
Basophil
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What cell expresses surface molecules such as CD19 or CD20?
B lymphs (or B cells)
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What do B lymphs (B cells) differentiate into?
- Plasma cells - that produce antibodies
- Memory B cells
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What cells expresses surface molecules such as CD2 and CD3?
T lymphs (T cells)
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What is the function of T lymphs (T cells)?
- CTLs lyse host cells infected with viruses and tumor cells
- Produce lymphokines
- Stimulate (T helper cells) or suppress (T suppressor cells) other cells
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What are antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication and activate NK cells and are produced by viral-infected cells?
Interferon-alpha and Interferon-beta
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What has antiviral effects, activates macrophages and NK cells, and stimulates B cells to produce antibodies?
Interferon-gamma
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What acivates T helper cells, increases number of B cells, activates vascular endothelium, causes fever and acute phase protein synthesis, and induces T cells to produce lymphokines?
Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
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Where do Pre-B lymphs develop into mature B cells?
Bone marrow
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Where doe Pre-T lymphs develop into mature T cells?
Thymus
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What is the purpose of the spleen?
Filter blood
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What cells do the spleen contain?
Both T and B cells
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What surfaces interact with the environment and can begin the immune response early?
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
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