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Bit
Binary digit (0 or 1) used to represent information such as numbers, text, images, and sound
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AND
- 00 - 0
- 01 - 0
- 10 - 0
- 11 - 1
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OR
- 00 - 0
- 01 - 1
- 10 - 1
- 11 - 1
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XOR
- 00 - 0
- 01 - 1
- 10 - 1
- 11 - 0
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RAM
Random Access Memory - memory in which individual cells can be easily accessed in any order
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DRAM
Dynamic Memory - RAM composed of volatile memory
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Mass Storage Systems
- Magnetic Systems - Disk, Tape
- Optical Systems - CD, DVD
- Flash Technology - Flash drives, SD Card
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File
unit of data stored in mass storage system
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Representing Text...
ASCII - uses patterns of 7-bits to represent most symbols used in written English text
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Representing Numbers...
Binary notation - uses bits to represent a number base in two
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Representing Images...
use of bit map with pixels
- Compressing Images:
- - GIF: cartoons
- - JPEG: photographs
- - TIFF: image archiving
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Representing Sound...
sampling techniques used for high quality recordings - records actual audio
MIDI - used in music synthesizers - records "musical score"
- Compressing Audio:
- - MP3: temporal masking, frequency masking
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Blaise Pascal
invented the calculator
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Jacquard
invented the earliest programmable loom
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Charles Babbage
invented the first mechanical computer; "father of the computer"
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Ada Lovelace
created the first algorithm
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John von Neumann
invented the first computer virus
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Alan Turing
invented the turing machine (model of general purpose computer); "father of computer science and artificial intelligence"
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Grace Hopper
one of the first programmers of the Mark I computer and developed the first compiler
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Hollerith
developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics
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Ritchie and Thompson
created the Multics operating system
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Binary to Numeric (fractions)
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CPU
Central Processing Unit; arithmetic/logic unit and control unit with register s
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Machine Instruction Types
Data Transfer - copy data from one location to another
Arithmetic/Logic - use existing bit patterns to compute new bit patterns
Control - direct the execution of a program
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Op-Codes
- 1 - Load
- 3 - Store
- 5 - Add
- 7 - Or
- 8 - And
- C000 - Halt
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Program Execution
- controlled by program counter (address of next instruction) and instruction register (address of current instruction)
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Program
instructions in computer memory to make it do something
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Main Hardware Component Categories:
- CPU
- Main memory
- Secondary memory/Storage
- Input Devices
- Output Devices
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Input Devices
devices that send information to the computer from the outside
ex. keyboard, mouse, scanner
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What is a Program Made of?
- Key words - "reserved words"
- Programmer-Defined Identifiers - names made up by the programmer
- Operators - used to perform operations on data
- Punctuation - mark the end of a statement
- Syntax - grammatical rules
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Variable
a named storage location in the computer's memory for holding a piece of data
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Compiler
converts source program into machine instructions
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